Large-area rice yield forecasting using satellite imageries

Ability to make large-area yield prediction before harvest is important in many aspects of agricultural decision-making. In this study, canopy reflectance band ratios (NIR/RED, NIR/GRN) of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) at booting stage, from field measurements conducted from 1999 to 2005, were correlated with the corresponding yield data to derive regression-type yield prediction models for the first and second season crop, respectively. These yield models were then validated with ground truth measurements conducted in 2007 and 2008 at eight sites, of different soil properties, climatic conditions, and various treatments in cultivars planted and N application rates, using surface reflectance retrieved from atmospherically corrected SPOT imageries. These validation tests indicated that root mean square error of predicting grain yields per unit area by the proposed models were less than 0.7 T ha⁻¹ for both cropping seasons. Since village is the basic unit for national rice yield census statistics in Taiwan, the yield models were further used to forecast average regional yields for 14 selected villages and compared with officially reported data. Results indicate that the average yield per unit area at village scale can be forecasted with a root mean square error of 1.1 T ha⁻¹ provided no damaging weather occurred during the final month before actual harvest. The methodology can be applied to other optical sensors with similar spectral bands in the visible/near-infrared and to different geographical regions provided that the relation between yield and spectral index is established.     

Leaf area index retrieval using gap fractions obtained from high resolution satellite data: Comparisons of approaches,scales and atmospheric effects

This study is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of the large scale LAI inversion algorithms using red and near infrared reflectance obtained from high resolution satellite imagery. Radiances in digital counts were obtained in 10 m resolution acquired on cloud free day of August 23, 2007, by the SPOT 5 high resolution geometric (HRG) instrument on mostly temperate hardwood forest located in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest in Southern Quebec. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), scaled difference vegetation index (SDVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) were applied to calculate gap fractions. LAI was inverted from the gap fraction using the common Beer–Lambert's law of light extinction under forest canopy. The robustness of the algorithm was evaluated using the ground-based LAI measurements and by applying the methods for the independently simulated reflectance data using PROSPECT + SAIL coupled radiative transfer models. Furthermore, the high resolution LAI was compared with MODIS LAI product. The effects of atmospheric corrections and scales were investigated for all of the LAI retrieval methods. NDVI was found to be not suitable index for large scale LAI inversion due to the sensitivity to scale and atmospheric effects. SDVI was virtually scale and atmospheric correction invariant. MSAVI was also scale invariant. Considering all sensitivity analysis, MSAVI performed best followed by SDVI for robust LAI inversion from high resolution imagery.     

基于SUT-EKF的DGPS/DR 组合定位算法

针对基于DGPS/DR的移动机器人组合定位问题,采用一种尺度无迹变换扩展卡尔曼滤波(SUT-EKF)算法,由于组合定位系统中的状态方程是非线性的,并且观测方程是线性的特点,将SUT预测移动机器人位姿,利用EKF融合最新观测值更新机器人位姿,该算法在状态预测阶段避免了计算Jacobian矩阵,从而有效地减小了线性化对非线性系统误差的影响。仿真结果表明,该算法具有较好的滤波精度和稳定性,为实现DGPS/DR组合定位系统提供了一种有效可靠的途径。     

作物LAI的遥感尺度效应与误差分析

以黑河中游盈科绿洲为研究区, 利用Hyperion高光谱数据, 采用双层冠层反射率模型(ACRM)迭代运算反演LAI; 通过LAI的均值化(LAImean)以及Hyperion数据反射率线性累加反演LAI(LAIp), 定量分析LAI反演的尺度效应; 从模型的非线性和地表景观结构的空间异质性2个方面分析引起反演误差的原因, 并在LAI-NDVI回归方程的基础上利用泰勒展开的方法对低分辨率数据反演结果进行了误差纠正。结果表明, 地表景观结构的空间异质性是造成多尺度LAI反演误差的关键因素, 通过泰勒展开式能很好地实现大尺度数据LAI反演结果的误差纠正。     

基于尺度空间理论的定性光谱特征匹配方法研究

本文利用尺度空间理论对高光谱遥感数据中包含的精细光谱信息进行多尺度观察,在特定的尺度层次下提取能够对地物类别属性做出判断的定性约束特征,在此基础上结合光谱相似性测度最终确定像元所属类别。试验结果表明该方法可有效减少传统匹配算法由于噪声、成像环境等因素引起的误判、错分问题,提高分类识别的精度。     

厦门市景观格局的尺度效应分析

在景观生态学研究方法的指导下,本文利用遥感和GIS技术,采用半变异函数分析,选取多样性指数和斑块密度,对厦门市不同幅度下的景观格局进行探讨。首先选取出厦门市景观格局研究的最佳幅度,然后在此基础上,对最佳幅度下的景观指数进行克里金空间插值分析,研究厦门市景观格局的空间异质性特征。结果表明,3km幅度是研究厦门市空间变化的一个比较好的幅度,3km幅度下,景观多样性指数可分为三个区域,斑块密度可分为三个层次。     

小波多时间尺度分析在变形分析中的应用

变形体的变形总体上看是错综复杂的,但是在某些细节上又表现为周期性变化或者突变,通过小波变换的多时间尺度分析就可以探究形变的周期变化以及突变点,同时通过计算形变信号经小波分解后的小波方差就可以找出形变的周期,这为我们研究形变带来了很大的便利,也可以更好地把握变形系统的演变规律和未来发展趋势。     

中比例尺地形图数字化方法研究

针对1∶5000和1∶10000比例尺地形图地形、地物要素的类型、特点、分类编码、图式符号、数字化方法、开发技术等问题进行了深入的研究,探索在AutoCAD平台下开发中比例尺地形图数字化软件,实现中比例尺地形图的定位、数据编辑、交互及批量符号化处理、自动绘制格网图廓等工作,实践证明该方法具有操作简便、地物符号齐全、图形美观、规范,实用性强等特点。     

THE WEST COAST OF BRITAIN: STATISTICAL SELF-SIMILARITY VS. CHARACTERISTIC SCALES IN THE LANDSCAPE

Mandelbrot (Science, 1967, 156, 636–638) used the west coast of Britain as an example of a naturally occurring statistically self-similar fractal. Evidence from this study indicates that the west coast of Britain is not statistically self-similar over the range of scale of measurement, and that complexity reaches maxima at characteristic scales related to identifiable features on the coastline. A fractal analysis is conducted using the divider method, and although the resulting log–log plot of measured length against steplength appears linear, statistical tests for linearity strongly suggest that the coastline is not statistically self-similar. An angle measure technique (AMT) developed by the author to examine changes in line complexity with scale, shows that within the range of scale of measurement there are two peaks in complexity for the west coast of Britain, suggesting that two processes acting at different scales have influenced coastal development. The AMT is also used to identify differences in complexity between northern and southern sections of the coastline. Additionally, high r² values associated with regressions of log L(G) against log G are shown to be insufficient evidence of statistical self-similarity, and apparently linear segments (fractal elements) often found in Richardson plots may contain systematic curvature revealed only by more rigorous tests for non-linearity.     

城市景观湖泊不同时间尺度CH4通量特征及影响因素分析——以南京市莫愁湖为例

城市景观湖泊对温室气体的收支发挥着重要作用。本文以南京市莫愁湖为研究对象,采用静态箱—温室气体分析仪法实时监测湖泊水—气界面CH₄通量,分析湖泊主要温室气体CH₄在日尺度和季节尺度上因冒泡和扩散排放方式不同对其通量的影响,探究影响湖泊CH₄通量的因素。结果表明:(1)在日尺度上,四季24 h内CH₄均呈排放状态,受白天冒泡影响,四季CH₄总通量均存在白天高于夜间的日变化特征。(2)在季节尺度上,莫愁湖CH₄排放通量呈现显著的时空异质性,受冒泡通量的影响夏季CH₄通量明显高于春、秋、冬三季;B区的CH₄总通量(6.04 nmol/(m²·s))显著高于A区(3.82 nmol/(m²·s)),水体的营养化程度和离岸距离是空间变化的主要影响因素。A、B两区CH₄排放夏季以冒泡排放为主,春、秋、冬以扩散排放为主。(3)在日尺度上,CH₄