祁连山北缘冲断带的特征与空间变化规律

祁连山北缘冲断带是中国西部一条十分重要的新生代冲断带,它的研究不仅对探讨青藏高原新生代隆升过程和板内造山作用具有重要的意义,而且对酒泉盆地南缘的油气勘探也具有重要的意义。在大量野外地质调查、地震资料解释和钻井资料分析的基础上,开展祁连山北缘冲断带的特征与空间变化规律研究。祁连山北缘冲断带具有多层次的逆冲结构,包括浅层的远距离冲断系统、中层的近距离冲断系统和深层的原地冲断系统,其中原地冲断系统又可划分为原地隐伏和原地显露冲断系统。冲断带变形特征自西向东可分为三段。酒泉盆地南缘的冲断带是一水平位移量较大的、沿着至少三个滑脱面由南而北产生收缩变形的薄皮冲断系统,原地隐伏冲断系统发育很宽。榆木山南缘—民乐盆地南缘西段的冲断带中发育较宽的原地显露冲断系统,而原地隐伏冲断系统较窄。民乐盆地南缘东段—武威盆地南缘发育宽度较大的原地显露冲断系统,由三叠系、石炭系—二叠系、奥陶系、寒武系和岩体组成的冲断片相互叠置,形成冲断带宽广的"显露式"前锋,原地隐伏系统不发育。祁连山北缘冲断带的变形量由西往东逐渐减小。酒西坳陷旱峡剖面构造缩短率为55.1%;民乐盆地魏拉达坂构造剖面缩短率最大为43.4%;武威盆地天桥沟—西马河构造剖面缩短率最大为40.4%。祁连山北缘冲断带西段的变形时期大致开始于9Ma,并以"前展式"向北扩张,变形时间向北变新,前锋断层开始活动时间约为8.3Ma。     

球柱壳耐压舱体极限承载力研究

耐压舱设计是水下机器人的核心技术之一,其极限承载力研究是核心中的核心。针对球壳封盖加柱形壳体耐压舱,现行标准对于初始导入缺陷数值的确定往往过于保守,对于耐压舱体数量较多的无人潜水器来说,过大的设计质量是总体设计所无法接受的。首先采用装配体整体建模策略,建立复合屈曲的受力模型,将三大非线性影响因素同时引入到极限承载力研究中,提升了计算精度。然后分别针对确定性缺陷和非确定性缺陷结构开展极限承载力研究。最后,提出以0.23%的初始缺陷导入尺度作为球壳封盖加圆柱壳体的耐压壳体缺陷导入参数,给出了导入尺度的计算方法,并借助水压试验对上述参数的准确性进行验证。     

黄河三角洲地区平原水库规模论证

黄河三角洲可垦荒地和滩涂面积大 ,开发条件优越 ,地下石油丰富 ,黄河口流路横贯三角洲 ,是三角洲地区开发建设的宝贵水源。黄河三角洲地区平原水库的建设规模是一项重要的工程规划指标 ,平原水库规模的大小 ,对三角洲地区国民经济和社会发展将具有重大的影响 ,因此必须从来水、需水以及可供水量等多方面考虑 ,综合分析和确定。通过方案计算和比较分析 ,黄河三角洲地区平原水库库容规模为 6641 0× 1 0 4 m3。     

Observations of a Kelvin-Helmholtz Billow in the Ocean

We identified a Kelvin-Helmholtz billow from vertical turbulence velocity and instantaneous heat flux signals obtained from airfoil shear probes and thermistors mounted on a research submarine. The vertical turbulence velocity indicates that the horizontal scale of the billow was about 3.5 m. The spectral slope of the vertical turbulence velocity component is close to −2, revealing the flow is two-dimensional. We show a remarkable agreement between the length scales of the observed billow and those computed from direct numerical simulations based on similar conditions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大尺度海温异常对热带大气Kelvin波的影响

本文用一个简单的斜压两层模式，在热力学方程中只考虑牛顿冷却和感热加热，从理论上分析了大尺度海温异常时感热加热带大气压Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的影响。研究发现，牛顿冷却使大气Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅减，并使波速减慢；感热加热可使得Ｋｅｖｉｎ波波速加快；当海气温差超过某一临界值时，波动趋于不稳定。     

东海断面调查数据的最优插值同化试验

以World Ocean Atlas(WOA)气候态月平均资料作为数据同化的背景场,以断面调查数据作为数据同化的观测场,采用最优插值法,对WOA数据进行同化处理,得到分析场,并通过一维搜索方法获得最优相关距离尺度,对分析场进行优化。将调整得到的分析场作为现场观测数据的补充,然后对其网格化并绘制等值线图。两组试验结果表明,经过同化处理后绘制得到的等值线图既保留了区域的气候态特征,又体现了观测期间的特点,在一定程度上可以避免因数据空间分辨率不足所导致的插值结果异常,较单纯使用实测数据或将实测数据与WOA数据简单叠加得到的等值线分布更合理。最优相关距离尺度的大小依同化对象数据类型的不同而不同,一维搜索方法可以较便捷的获得最优相关距离尺度,提高数据同化的效果。     

海洋环境动力学物理模拟的尺度分析及相似条件

物理模拟较大海域的环境动力场是物理模型试验的一个发展方向,也是近海环境治理的有效研究手段。对具有较大尺度海域的模拟需要考虑地转缺失的影响。从潮流基本控制方程出发,通过对方程的无因次化,给出评价柯氏力作用大小的方法,并就中国典型的海湾进行尺度分析,量化物理模拟时因地转缺失引起的偏差程度,讨论在这些海域是否可以付诸物理模型试验。同时,还导出了潮流泥沙试验和潮流污染物扩散试验的相似比尺关系。     

Large-area rice yield forecasting using satellite imageries

Ability to make large-area yield prediction before harvest is important in many aspects of agricultural decision-making. In this study, canopy reflectance band ratios (NIR/RED, NIR/GRN) of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) at booting stage, from field measurements conducted from 1999 to 2005, were correlated with the corresponding yield data to derive regression-type yield prediction models for the first and second season crop, respectively. These yield models were then validated with ground truth measurements conducted in 2007 and 2008 at eight sites, of different soil properties, climatic conditions, and various treatments in cultivars planted and N application rates, using surface reflectance retrieved from atmospherically corrected SPOT imageries. These validation tests indicated that root mean square error of predicting grain yields per unit area by the proposed models were less than 0.7 T ha⁻¹ for both cropping seasons. Since village is the basic unit for national rice yield census statistics in Taiwan, the yield models were further used to forecast average regional yields for 14 selected villages and compared with officially reported data. Results indicate that the average yield per unit area at village scale can be forecasted with a root mean square error of 1.1 T ha⁻¹ provided no damaging weather occurred during the final month before actual harvest. The methodology can be applied to other optical sensors with similar spectral bands in the visible/near-infrared and to different geographical regions provided that the relation between yield and spectral index is established.     

Leaf area index retrieval using gap fractions obtained from high resolution satellite data: Comparisons of approaches,scales and atmospheric effects

This study is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of the large scale LAI inversion algorithms using red and near infrared reflectance obtained from high resolution satellite imagery. Radiances in digital counts were obtained in 10 m resolution acquired on cloud free day of August 23, 2007, by the SPOT 5 high resolution geometric (HRG) instrument on mostly temperate hardwood forest located in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest in Southern Quebec. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), scaled difference vegetation index (SDVI) and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) were applied to calculate gap fractions. LAI was inverted from the gap fraction using the common Beer–Lambert's law of light extinction under forest canopy. The robustness of the algorithm was evaluated using the ground-based LAI measurements and by applying the methods for the independently simulated reflectance data using PROSPECT + SAIL coupled radiative transfer models. Furthermore, the high resolution LAI was compared with MODIS LAI product. The effects of atmospheric corrections and scales were investigated for all of the LAI retrieval methods. NDVI was found to be not suitable index for large scale LAI inversion due to the sensitivity to scale and atmospheric effects. SDVI was virtually scale and atmospheric correction invariant. MSAVI was also scale invariant. Considering all sensitivity analysis, MSAVI performed best followed by SDVI for robust LAI inversion from high resolution imagery.     

基于SUT-EKF的DGPS/DR 组合定位算法

针对基于DGPS/DR的移动机器人组合定位问题,采用一种尺度无迹变换扩展卡尔曼滤波(SUT-EKF)算法,由于组合定位系统中的状态方程是非线性的,并且观测方程是线性的特点,将SUT预测移动机器人位姿,利用EKF融合最新观测值更新机器人位姿,该算法在状态预测阶段避免了计算Jacobian矩阵,从而有效地减小了线性化对非线性系统误差的影响。仿真结果表明,该算法具有较好的滤波精度和稳定性,为实现DGPS/DR组合定位系统提供了一种有效可靠的途径。