1947～2007年上海中心城区居住空间分异变化——基于居住用地类型视角

采用4种分异度测度模型,在街坊尺度和乡镇尺度下,对上海中心城区1947～2007年11个时相的各类居住用地空间分异程度进行计算。发现1949年后各类居住用地分异度呈现不同的波动过程。不同时期居住用地总体分异程度的计算表明,1949年前空间分异严重,计划经济时期有所降低,转型期则又明显上升。不同时期居住用地等级高低与其分异度大小呈现不同的结构特征,1949年前高等级居住用地分异度高、中低等级居住用地分异度较低,形成"一高两低"结构;计划经济时期则是居住用地等级越高,分异度越大的"正相关"结构;90年代后则是最高和最低等级的居住用地分异度高,而中等居住用地分异度最低的"V"型结构。不同时期居住用地空间分异结构特征间的演进,直接原因是新式住宅的建设和旧城的改造,深层次原因则是土地使用制度的变迁和城市空间组织模式的转变。     

规模经济、对外贸易与区域双核结构模式探讨——以山东半岛济南—青岛双核结构为例

区域双核结构模式是一种重要的经济地理现象。基于新经济地理学的研究视角和分析框架,论文构建模型,分析了规模经济和对外贸易推动区域双核结构模式的生成过程和经济机理。模型研究表明,规模经济和对外贸易是塑造区域双核结构模式的基本力量:规模经济的增强放大了本地市场效应,导致了区域核心城市的出现;对外贸易影响着沿海地区的经济地理优势,决定着港口区位核心城市和内陆地区核心城市的并存。山东半岛济南—青岛双核结构模式生成过程的实证研究也表明,双核结构模式是制造业活动完成由以手工业为主导向现代化大生产为主导转变、区域发展环境完成由相对封闭向相对开放转变之后才产生的经济地理现象。     

海冰离散元模型的研究回顾及展望

为描述极区及副极区海冰在不同尺度下的离散分布特性,以及海冰与海洋结构相互作用过程中的破碎性能,海冰的离散单元模型从上世纪80年代发展起来并不断完善。本文将海冰离散单元模型分为地球物理尺度( ~100km)、浮冰块尺度(10m ~ 10km)和海洋结构尺度(1m ~ 100m)等三种不同尺度,讨论了不同尺度下海冰的离散分布规律或海冰由连续状态向离散状态转化的动力过程。通过对块体、圆盘和颗粒不同形态的海冰离散单元模型的介绍,对其在极区海冰的动力特性、海冰重叠堆积及其与波浪的作用过程、海冰与海洋结构的相互作用中的应用进行了分析,对海冰强度的尺度效应进行了讨论。最后,讨论了海冰离散单元模型中存在的问题和重点研究内容。     

Prediction of satellite orbits contraction due to diurnally varying oblate atmosphere and altitude-dependent scale height using KS canonical elements

A new non-singular analytical theory for the motion of near-Earth satellite orbits with the air drag effect is developed in terms of uniformly regular KS canonical elements. Diurnally varying oblate atmosphere is considered with variation in density scale height dependent on altitude. The series expansion method is utilized to generate the analytical solutions and terms up to fourth-order terms in eccentricity and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere) are retained. Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. The important drag perturbed orbital parameters: semi-major axis and eccentricity are obtained up to 500 revolutions, with the present analytical theory and by numerical integration over a wide range of perigee height, eccentricity and inclination. The differences between the two are found to be very less. A comparison between the theories generated with terms up to third- and fourth-order terms in c and e shows an improvement in the computation of the orbital parameters semi-major axis and eccentricity, up to 9%. The theory can be effectively used for the re-entry of the near-Earth objects, which mainly decay due to atmospheric drag.     

Contraction of near-Earth satellite orbits using uniformly regular KS canonical elements in an oblate atmosphere with density scale height variation with altitude

A new non-singular analytical theory for the contraction of near-Earth satellite orbits under the influence of air drag is developed in terms of uniformly regular Kustaanheimo and Stiefel (KS) canonical elements using an oblate atmosphere with variation of density scale height with altitude. The series expansions include up to fourth power in terms of eccentricity and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere). Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. It is observed that the analytically computed values of the semi-major axis and eccentricity are consistent with the numerically integrated values up to 500 revolutions over a wide range of the drag-perturbed orbital parameters. The theory can be effectively used for re-entry of near-Earth objects.     

The kinematics and zero-point of the log P–〈MK〉 relation for Galactic RR Lyrae variables via statistical parallax

We use accurate absolute proper motions and Two-Micron All-Sky Survey   K_s   -band apparent magnitudes for 364 Galactic RR Lyrae variables to determine the kinematical parameters of the Galactic RR Lyrae population and constrain the zero-point of the   K_s   -band period–luminosity relation for these stars via statistical parallax. We find the mean velocities of the halo- and thick-disc RR Lyrae populations in the solar neighbourhood to be  [ U ₀(Halo), V ₀(Halo), W ₀(Halo)]= (−12 ± 10, −217 ± 9, −6 ± 6) km s⁻¹  and  [ U ₀(Disc), V ₀(Disc), W ₀(Disc)]= (−15 ± 7, −44 ± 7, −25 ± 5) km s⁻¹  , respectively, and the corresponding components of the velocity-dispersion ellipsoids,  [σ V_R (Halo), σ V _θ(Halo), σ W (Halo)]= (167 ± 9, 86 ± 6, 78 ± 5) km s⁻¹  and  [σ V_R (Disc), σ V _θ(Disc), σ W (Disc)]= (55 ± 7, 44 ± 6, 30 ± 4) km s⁻¹  , respectively. The fraction of thick-disc stars is estimated at  0.25 ± 0.03  . The corrected infrared period–luminosity relation is     , implying a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) distance modulus of  18.27 ± 0.08  and a solar Galactocentric distance of  7.58 ± 0.40 kpc  . Our results suggest no or slightly prograde rotation for the population of halo RR Lyraes in the Milky Way.     

Microstructure of Turbulence in the Stably Stratified Boundary Layer

The microstructure of a stably stratified boundary layer, with a significant low-level nocturnal jet, is investigated based on observations from the CASES-99 campaign in Kansas, U.S.A. The reported, high-resolution vertical profiles of the temperature, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, and the turbulent dissipation rate, were collected under nocturnal conditions on October 14, 1999, using the CIRES Tethered Lifting System. Two methods for evaluating instantaneous (1-sec) background profiles are applied to the raw data. The background potential temperature is calculated using the “bubble sort” algorithm to produce a monotonically increasing potential temperature with increasing height. Other scalar quantities are smoothed using a running vertical average. The behaviour of background flow, buoyant overturns, turbulent fluctuations, and their respective histograms are presented. Ratios of the considered length scales and the Ozmidov scale are nearly constant with height, a fact that can be applied in practice for estimating instantaneous profiles of the dissipation rate.     

Linearly Organized Turbulence Structures Observed Over a Suburban Area by Dual-Doppler Lidar

Dual-Doppler lidar observations are used to investigate the structure and evolution of surface-layer flow over a suburban area. The observations were made during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment in Oklahoma City, U.S.A. in the summer of 2003. This study focuses specifically on a 10-h sequence of scan data beginning shortly after noon local time on 7 July 2003. During this period two coherent Doppler lidars performed overlapping low elevation angle sector scans upwind and south of Oklahoma City’s central business district. Radial velocity data from the two lidars are processed to reveal the structure and evolution of the horizontal velocity field in the surface layer throughout the afternoon and during the evening transition period. The retrieved velocity fields clearly show a tendency for turbulence structures to be elongated in the direction of the mean flow throughout the entire 10-h study period. In order to quantify the observed anisotropy and its dependence on stability, integral length scales are estimated directly from the spatially resolved velocity retrievals. As the flow became more stably stratified the characteristic cross-stream dimension of the linear structures decreased. The streamwise component was consistently more anisotropic than the cross-stream component, and both velocity components exhibited maximum anisotropy under neutral conditions. The ratio of the streamwise to cross-stream length scale was estimated to be about eight for the streamwise component, and four for the cross-stream component under neutral conditions.     

淮河流域暴雨过程模拟分析

以2003年7月3～4日发生在淮河流域特别是安徽省北部的强降水过程为例,利用全物理过程的中尺度气象模式MM5对此次暴雨过程进行数值模拟,通过对暴雨过程中、低层的环境背景、降水量、降水生命期和降水总体分布随时间演变的趋势以及中尺度对流系统的雷达回波特征等方面的检验,发现MM5模式对此次大暴雨过程具有一定的模拟能力,模式基本可以模拟出中α尺度和100km左右的中β尺度天气系统,但对于时空尺度更小的且发展比较强盛的中β（γ）尺度系统,则有较大的局限性。利用高分辨率模式输出结果验证了低层中β尺度辐合线是造成此次大暴雨的中尺度影响系统,并通过对物理量场特征的分析得到该辐合线的三维结构特征。