Biogeochemical studies of metallophytes from four copper-enriched sites along the Yangtze River, China

The area along middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is one of the biggest Cu belts in China. In the present study, the metallophytes growing in four copper (Cu)-enriched sites along the Yangtze River were surveyed to get detailed information about vegetation composition and their Cu uptake characteristics. In all sampling sites, Cu concentrations of soils were high; whereas the organic matter, acidity and salinity of most soils were on normal levels. Totally 82 plant species belonging to 45 families were recorded. All the species recorded in the present study exhibited high tolerances for Cu although they differed greatly in their abilities to accumulate Cu. Except for Rumex acetosa and Phytolacca acinosa, most species were Cu-excluders and no Cu hyperaccumulator was found. The Cu translocation factors (TFs) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the 12 dominant species were fairly low, indicating low concentrations of Cu were translocated to the shoots of these species. On this basis, the potential utilization of these metallophytes for phytoremediation was discussed.     

Temperature and light tolerance of representative brown, green and red algae in tumble culture revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements

Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ulva lactuca, Grateloupia turuturu and Palmaria palmata are suitable species that fit the requirements of a seaweed-animal integrated aquaculture system in terms of their viable biomass, rapid growth and promising nutrient uptake rates. In this investigation, the responses of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the five algal species in tumble culture were assessed at a temperature range of 10 - 30℃. The results revealed that Ulva lactuca was the most resistant species to high temperature, withstanding 30℃ for 4 h without apparent decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . While the arctic alga Palmaria palmata was the most vulnerable one, showing significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield at 25℃ for 2 h. The cold-water species Laminaria japonica, however, demonstrated strong ability to cope with higher temperature （24 -26℃ ） for shorter time （within 24 h） without significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . Grateloupia turuturu showed a general decrease in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield with the rising temperature from 23 to 30℃ , similar to the temperate kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yields of these algae were characterized differently indicating the existence of species-unique strategy to cope with high light. Measurements of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield after short exposure to direct solar irradiance revealed how long these exposures could be without significant photoinhibition or with promising recovery in photosynthetic activities. Seasonal pattern of alternation of algal species in tank culture in the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of 36°N was proposed according to these basic measurements.     

航天测控中心远程容灾解决方案

容灾机制是当前信息系统安全建设的一项重要内容。研究如何把目前较成熟的容灾技术应用于航天测控领域,提出1种航天测控中心远程容灾解决方案,包括风险分析、体系结构和方案实施。     

赤潮藻类温度生态幅的定量表达模型研究

首先在Moisan的温度和比生长率关系基础上,依据Shelford耐受性定律,建立了赤潮藻类温度生态幅(最适温度、适温范围、耐受范围)的定量表达模型。同时,依据此模型可定量导出赤潮藻类的生物学零度。其次,结合实验培养数据,建立了东海原甲藻比生长率的温度响应模式,并利用研究结果定量得到该藻种的温度生态幅,这与已有的实验研究和现场监测结果有较好的一致性。     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对盐度的耐受力

用壳高15～21mm的墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)稚贝作为实验材料,控制水温在16和24℃条件下进行对盐度的耐受力实验.实验结果表明,当温度在24℃时,稚贝存活的盐度范围为18.5～44.4,低盐度对稚贝的存活影响明显.稚贝可生长的盐度范围是21.2～41.0(日增长率r>4.0),适宜的生长盐度为24.0～32.0(日增长率r>8.0),其中26.0～28.0的盐度为最佳生长盐度.在16℃条件下,最初8h内,其生存盐度范围为17.4～46.4,但是48h后稚贝的存活盐度范围与24℃温度条件时无明显差别,显示出低温条件会使稚贝对极限盐度的反应速率减缓.当盐度处于接近极限范围时,盐度变化幅度过大易导致稚贝死亡.墨西哥湾扇贝对盐度的适应能力与原生境盐度有关,稚贝预先在盐度为19.5和44.9中适应9d后,再过度到14.3和48.5中,48h后,存活率为78.3%和100%,而若是从盐度为32中直接移到3和48.5中,48h后存活率分别为0和27.3%.显然,通过中间驯化或适应过程,稚贝会提高耐盐能力.此结果表明,在高温多雨的南方海域,应避免在易受淡水中冲击的河口、海湾区域开展墨西哥湾扇贝养殖.     

盐度对北极海冰细菌生长的影响

从中国第二次北极科学考察采集的海冰样品中分离到8种细菌,研究了盐度对其生长的影响。结果表明,8株海冰细菌对盐度有着广泛的适应性,在盐度为30-90的范围内均可较快生长,其中菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性较强。进一步的研究表明,BJ2、BJ3和BJ7在0-150 的盐度范围内均有不同程度的生长,盐度为0-30时,菌株的生长最快;盐度为180时,这三株菌株也均有短暂的生长。随着盐度的增加,三株菌株生长的延迟期增加,到达生长稳定期的时间也相应增加。温度对菌株BJ2、BJ3和BJ7的盐耐受性也有着一定的影响,随着温度的升高, 菌株的生长速度变慢,但盐耐受性有所增加。     

浙江北部沿海婆罗囊螺（Retusa borneensis)生态敏感因子的筛选研究

根据 2 0 0 1年 4月— 2 0 0 2年 9月间对浙江北部沿海婆罗囊螺资源生态调查与实验生态观察、生物学特性研究、敏感药物选择与区域应用实验所获资料 ,以婆罗囊螺繁殖盛期优势群体与同时期滩涂养殖主要经济种类泥螺、彩虹明樱蛤优势群体间生态耐受特性比较为基础 ,通过建立基于利比希最小因子定律和谢尔福德耐受性定律基础之上的婆罗囊螺生态敏感因子确定方法 ,对婆罗囊螺生态敏感因子及其敏感度指数进行定量分析研究。结果表明 ,婆罗囊螺6h内温度、盐度及酸碱度的最大生态幅分别为 0— 40℃、5— 65和 3.92— 9.5 ,最适生态幅分别为温度 1 0— 30℃、盐度 1 7— 35和酸碱度 5 .5— 9.5 ;各实验动物对温度、盐度及酸碱度的生态敏感度指数分别为 :婆罗囊螺呈酸碱度 >温度 >盐度 ,泥螺呈温度 =盐度 >酸碱度 ,彩虹明樱蛤则表现为温度≈酸碱度≈盐度 ;各实验生物间对温度、盐度及酸碱度生态敏感度指数分别表现为 ,温度呈彩虹明樱蛤≈婆罗囊螺 >泥螺 ,盐度呈泥螺 >彩虹明樱蛤≈婆罗囊螺 ,酸碱度呈婆罗囊螺 >泥螺 >彩虹明樱蛤。在讨论并设定酸碱度作为婆罗囊螺生态敏感因子的同时 ,为不影响涂泥底质安全 ,保证泥螺和彩虹明樱蛤的正常存活 ,确定酸碱度对婆罗囊螺的有效作用水平为 9.5— 1 0。     

虹鳟和硬头鳟幼鱼对温度的耐受性

利用黄海冷水团进行鲑鳟鱼类养殖,养殖种类的选择极其重要。本实验分别选取了体重2～120g陆封型虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和洄游型硬头鳟(O.mykiss),以14℃为起始水温,以1℃/24h的速率分别升温和降温,从而获得两类鱼的高温临界温度和低温停食温度。研究显示,虹鳟和硬头鳟的高温临界温度和低温停食温度受其生态类型、体重及二者交互作用的影响显著;虹鳟和硬头鳟的高温临界温度和停食温度均在体重2g时最高,并随体重增加逐渐降低;虹鳟的最高临界温度显著高于硬头鳟,而停食温度显著低于硬头鳟。研究结果表明,虹鳟与硬头鳟的温度耐受范围重叠,但前者的温度耐受范围宽于后者。     

作物的耐盐性及盐水灌溉管理

盐从水分关系、离子毒害、营养和能量平衡等方面影响植物的生长。不同的植物具有不同的耐盐性,同一植物在不同生长期的耐盐性也有差异。有效的灌溉管理是盐水灌溉农业的基础,高频率灌溉有利于缓解由于盐引起的水分亏缺,和对根系带洗盐,同时必须保持植物根系带土壤良好的通透条件。沙地更适合于盐水灌溉,滴灌是最为有效的灌溉方式。灌溉水盐分的增加将导致大多数作物的产量下降,但某些作物品质的改善可在一定程度上补偿产量下降的损失。