华南沿岸浅水台风风浪频谱的初步探讨

在深水海浪向近岸浅水区传播的过程中,由于变浅作用,海浪的频谱发生了相应的变化。文章以华南沿岸实测浅水台风风浪资料为基础,通过分析比较深水风浪频谱与实测台风风浪频谱的不同,并对实测资料进行统计处理,得出适用于华南沿岸浅水台风风浪的频谱。文章还将该频谱与已有的两种深水风浪频谱和Basinski－Massel浅水风浪频谱进行了比较。     

砾石河宽的动力调整

基于任意面上非粘性沙颗粒的受力分析,考虑了非平衡条件,推导了更具普遍性的泥沙输移矢量式。文中经对公式简化和编程计算,并对计算值与Ikeda和笔者顺直河道河宽调整试验资料加以验证。两者吻合较好。     

Width control on event-scale deposition and evacuation of sediment in bedrock-confined channels

In mixed bedrock–alluvial rivers, the response of the system to a flood event can be affected by a number of factors, including coarse sediment availability in the channel, sediment supply from the hillslopes and upstream, flood sequencing and coarse sediment grain size distribution. However, the impact of along-stream changes in channel width on bedload transport dynamics remains largely unexplored. We combine field data, theory and numerical modelling to address this gap. First, we present observations from the Daan River gorge in western Taiwan, where the river flows through a 1 km long 20–50 m wide bedrock gorge bounded upstream and downstream by wide braidplains. We documented two flood events during which coarse sediment evacuation and redeposition appear to cause changes of up to several metres in channel bed elevation. Motivated by this case study, we examined the relationships between discharge, channel width and bedload transport capacity, and show that for a given slope narrow channels transport bedload more efficiently than wide ones at low discharges, whereas wider channels are more efficient at high discharges. We used the model sedFlow to explore this effect, running a random sequence of floods through a channel with a narrow gorge section bounded upstream and downstream by wider reaches. Channel response to imposed floods is complex, as high and low discharges drive different spatial patterns of erosion and deposition, and the channel may experience both of these regimes during the peak and recession periods of each flood. Our modelling suggests that width differences alone can drive substantial variations in sediment flux and bed response, without the need for variations in sediment supply or mobility. The fluctuations in sediment transport rates that result from width variations can lead to intermittent bed exposure, driving incision in different segments of the channel during different portions of the hydrograph. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

地震现场房屋裂缝宽度快速检测

为快速对地震现场损坏房屋裂缝宽度进行测量,本文提出运用图像处理技术与单个人工正方形标志的方法对裂缝宽度进行测量。基于数字图像处理技术,并利用MATLAB软件的图像处理功能,对拍摄的真实房屋裂缝图像进行灰度化、二值化、图像去噪、目标区域分割标记和像素标定等处理,计算得到图像中裂缝宽度的最大值。通过与实测数据对比,利用本方法获得房屋裂缝检测数据的识别精度为98.11%。结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效检测房屋裂缝宽度,且获取图像的分辨率越高,裂缝宽度识别的误差越小。本方法可为地震灾害现场调查中的房屋破坏等级评价工作提供依据。     

消浪室宽度对可渗明基床开孔沉箱消浪性能影响研究

开孔沉箱是将传统沉箱的前壁开孔,使沉箱前的入射波浪与反射波浪非同相位叠加,达到消能目的。消浪室是开孔沉箱的重要特征结构,其宽度对开孔沉箱的消浪性能具有重要影响。针对可渗明基床开孔沉箱,赋予消浪室宽度以较大的变化范围,开展专项物模试验,研究探讨了在规则波与不规则波作用下,相对消浪室宽度对可渗明基床开孔沉箱前波高反射系数的影响规律,发现反射系数随相对消浪室宽度的增加呈减小—增大—减小的振荡特性,这一发现有别于前人的研究成果,对工程中开孔沉箱消浪室结构的优化设计具有借鉴意义。同时,对试验工况进行数值模拟和解析计算,以物模试验值为标准,评价两种方法在研究相对消浪室宽度对开孔沉箱波高反射系数影响时的规律把握能力及计算精度,对工程中应用这两种方法给出相关建议。     

绒螯近方蟹的生物学初步研究

对绒螯近方蟹(Hemigrapsuspenicillatus)的生态习性和繁殖生物学进行了初步的调查和实验研究。雌性、雄性甲宽与体重的关系分别为W♀=0.6056×L2.9806(n=132,r=0.96),W♂=0.5893×L3.1215(n=50,r=0.97)。抱卵量与甲宽的关系为Q=865.82L-7275(r=0.97)。幼体发育分为5期状幼体和1期大眼幼体。胚胎、状幼体和大眼幼体的发育积温分别为219.4℃,226.35℃,49.3℃(以12℃为生物学零度)。     

水文资料缺乏区河流流量遥感估算模型研究

针对偏远地区河流上无水文站点,缺乏河川径流量监测数据的问题,该文以黑河中游地区为例,利用2005—2010年夏、秋两季的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像,提取黑河中游S213桥断面的河水边界及河流宽度,结合已有的断面流量数据,通过建立宽度-流量曲线得到河流流量估测模型,模型估测和实测径流量具有较好的一致性(R2=0.82)。该文同时对河宽提取误差进行精度验证,结果表明提取误差对模型的影响较小(R2在0.81～0.83,绝对误差<2%)。为了证明模型的外推性,该文将模型应用于S213桥断面2011—2015年和高崖断面2005—2014年的流量估测,结果表明,两个断面的模拟结果与实测数据均具有较高相关性。综上结果表明,该文的河川径流遥感估算方法具有较好的精度和外推适用性。     

Influence of fracture width on borehole radar response

Fracture is a common underground structure phenomenon, which can provide space and passage for the storage and migration of oil and gas. Borehole radar is a fast and high-resolution geophysical detection method, which has been widely used in engineering, exploration and other fields. This paper mainly uses theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to study the variation law of the characteristics of the received borehole radar signal with the variation of fracture width. The Ricker wavelet is used as the pulse signal of the borehole radar. The results show that the amplitude of the signal received by the borehole radar first increases, then decreases, and finally tends to be a stable value with the increase of fracture width. The results have guiding significance for the detection of underground fractures and the estimation of fracture width by borehole radar.     

秦岭树轮记录中的ENSO事件

通过秦岭树轮宽度年表和1949年以来6次最强El Nino年和7次最强La Nina年进行对比，发现每个El Nino年都对应正的年表指数正距平，而每个La Nina年都对应年表指数的负距平，赤道东太平洋（Nino3、4）海水表层温度（SST）和树轮宽度差值年表显著正相关（r=0.269,N=121,α=0.008),1960年以后，相关系数0.480(N=33,α=0.028)，同时，树轮年表序列和南方涛动指数（SOI）显著负相关（r=-0.484,N=33,α=0.013)，在此基础上对1743年以来的SOI进行了重建，并且重建序列具有显著的2-3a周期。     

以树木年轮宽度资料重建祁连山中部地区过去248年来的降水量

根据树轮宽度指标重建了祁连山中部地区过去248a以来上年7月到当年6月降水总量的演变历史，解释方差为41．9％，发现降水有明显的干湿变化。重建序列表现出6个降水较多时期（高于多年平均值），它们是：1767—1781，1802—1814，1839-1859，1885-1915，1941-1955，1979-1991年；同时也存在7个降水较少时期（低于多年平均值），它们是：1755-1766，1782-1801，1815-1838，1860-1884，1916-1940，1956-1978，1992-1998年。与青海省历史记载的自然灾害进行对比，发现该地区或者附近地区历史记载的灾害年份在本文重建的降水量序列中均有所反映，在一定程度上反证了重建序列的可靠性。