应用反射波法对基桩完整性进行定量评估

利用应力波在一维杆中传播的机理对应力波在不同介面和变截面状态下的反射、透射与能量耗散之间的关系进行分析的基础上,用反射系数、透射系数、波幅衰减比等参数之间的关系及计算公式,对振动测桩中的实测波幅进行定量计算,得出面积削减率,以此值为依据进行桩身缺陷程度的判断.     

Prediction of concentrated flow width in ephemeral gully channels

Empirical prediction equations of the form W = aQ^b have been reported for rills and rivers, but not for ephemeral gullies. In this study six experimental data sets are used to establish a relationship between channel width (W, m) and flow discharge (Q, m³ s^?1) for ephemeral gullies formed on cropland. The resulting regression equation (W = 2·51 Q^0·412; R² = 0·72; n = 67) predicts observed channel width reasonably well. Owing to logistic limitations related to the respective experimental set ups, only relatively small runoff discharges (i.e. Q < 0·02 m³s^?1) were covered. Using field data, where measured ephemeral gully channel width was attributed to a calculated peak runoff discharge on sealed cropland, the application field of the regression equation was extended towards larger discharges (i.e. 5 × 10^?4m³s^?1 < Q < 0·1 m³s^?1). Comparing W–Q relationships for concentrated flow channels revealed that the discharge exponent (b) varies from 0·3 for rills over 0·4 for gullies to 0·5 for rivers. This shift in b may be the result of: (i) differences in flow shear stress distribution over the wetted perimeter between rills, gullies and rivers, (ii) a decrease in probability of a channel formed in soil material with uniform erosion resistance from rills over gullies to rivers and (iii) a decrease in average surface slope from rills over gullies to rivers. The proposed W–Q equation for ephemeral gullies is valid for (sealed) cropland with no significant change in erosion resistance with depth. Two examples illustrate limitations of the W–Q approach. In a first example, vertical erosion is hindered by a frozen subsoil. The second example relates to a typical summer situation where the soil moisture profile of an agricultural field makes the top 0·02 m five times more erodible than the underlying soil material. For both cases observed W values are larger than those predicted by the established channel width equation for concentrated flow on cropland. For the frozen soils the equation W = 3·17 Q^0·368 (R² = 0·78; n = 617) was established, but for the summer soils no equation could be established. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

腰椎峡部CT反向扫描技术的探讨

目的　探讨腰椎峡部CT反向扫描技术的价值。方法　CT扫描架向头侧倾斜，定位线与腰椎峡部平面平行，扫描角度与间盘层面相反。结果　反向扫描技术图像可清晰显示腰椎峡部裂隙宽度及关节错乱情况，防止漏诊。结论　反向扫描技术应在腰椎间盘扫描中常规使用。     

Dependence of Wave Height Distribution on Spectral Width and Wave Steepness

In this paper experimental wind wave data are analyzed. It is found that differences in spectral width will give rise to differences in wave height distribution. The effect of spectral width on the distribution is mainly in the high wave range. The effect of wave steepness is in low, medium and high wave ranges. In the high wave range the effect of spectral width is comparable to that of wave steepness. Differences in spectral width in the observations may give rise to discrepancies in the result when wave steepness is the only parameter in the distribution.     

On the Spectrum Width of Wind Waves

Based on the universal expression of wind wave spectra, four commonly used definitions of the spectrum width are re-examined. The results show that the non-dimensional spectrum width can measure the width of non-dimensional spectra hut it does not reflect the developing state of the spectra. The dimensional spectrum width expresses the degree of concentration of wave energy of the spectrum in (he process of wind wave growth. Tests show that the spectrum width presented by Wen et al. can objectively measure the degree of concentration of wave energy of the spectrum, reflect the state of wind wave growth, and provides a better result for practical application. The rules for definition of the spectrum width are discussed.     

对马暖流“东海段”的流路与流速

本文全面地分析了此段海流的流路与流速结构，首次提出研究海域近底层的环流示意图。指出在夏季，韩国南岸和日本九州北岸均存在着一支南下的逆流，九州西岸出现两种或多种形式的流路。对马暖流在源地流速很弱，流向不稳定，流路时隐时显不明显，只有离开源地后才逐渐显示出一支海流轮廓；强流区在朝鲜海峡附近。该海流可明显地划分为三段。流速夏强冬弱，夏季流幅宽约８０ｋｍ。     

Geometrical properties of perfect breaking waves on composite breakwaters

The experimental results have so far shown that when a wave breaks on a vertical wall with an almost vertical front face at the instant of impact that is called perfect breaking or perfect impact, the greatest impact forces are produced on the wall. Therefore, the configuration of breaking waves is important in the design considerations of coastal structures. The present study is concerned with determining the geometrical properties of oscillatory waves that break perfectly on the vertical wall of composite-type breakwaters. The laboratory tests for perfect breaking waves on composite breakwaters are conducted with base slopes of 1/2, 1/4 and 1/6, and with berm widths of 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 m. The shape and the dimensions of waves at the instant of perfect breaking on the wall are determined using a video camera. The experimental results for the geometrical properties of the breakers are presented non-dimensionally. Within the range of present experimental conditions, it is found that the dimensionless breaker crest height, h_b/d_w, and dimensionless breaker height, H_b/d_w, decrease; and, dimensionless breaker depth, d_w/H₀, increases with increasing relative berm width, B/D. The breaker height index, H_b/H₀, is almost unaffected by B/D. The deep-water wave steepness and the base slope of the breakwater do not seem to influence the geometrical properties of the breakers at wall systematically.     

陕西黄龙树轮年表的建立及其2-3月降水记录

通过两组油松树轮宽度的研究,建立了陕西黄龙地区过去近200 a来的树轮STD、RES、ARS年表,树轮宽度在20世纪20年代有过明显的下降,1929年前后达到年轮宽度最低值,与历史记载的自民国11年以来连续干旱时期相吻合(1922-1932年).经过相关函数、响应函数分析,发现树轮宽度与生长季当年2-3月降水显著正相关,在此基础上设计了转换方程,重建了过去200 年来黄龙地区早春2-3月降水历史,重建序列的解释方差为44.3%(F=16.298,p<0.001).功率谱分析检测到2-3月降水存在7.69、6.90、6.06、5.13、5.00、4.88、4.65、2.02、2.00 年的周期.     

榆树年轮记录的浑善达克沙地春季平均最高气温

基于采自内蒙古正蓝旗北部浑善达克沙地的榆树树芯及圆盘建立了区域年表,其与浑善达克沙地4—5月平均最高气温存在显著的负相关性（r=-0.72）,根据二者的相关性建立回归方程（方差解释量为51.35%）,稳定可靠,并据此重建了该地区1766—2011年4—5月平均最高气温,共246 a。重建序列中,气温显著偏高的时段有5个,显著偏低的时段有6个。采用多窗谱分析检测序列周期性,存在2~3.5 a和33~51.28 a周期。重建序列与周围地区干旱指数重建序列波动趋势具有一致性,且周围地区4—5月平均最高气温与重建的该地区4—5月平均最高气温间相关系数均高于0.6。     

阿勒泰柯姆地区树轮宽度年表与灰度年表的建立

通过对比柯姆采点的8个标准化宽度和灰度树轮年表的多项特征参数,表明宽度年表在多项年表特征参数上均大大高于灰度年表。通过相关普查得出,标准化晚材灰度年表与当年7月至8月的降水量的相关系数最高,为0.426,显著性水平达0.001,而标准化早材灰度年表与上年12月至当年2月的月平均温度的相关系数最高,为0.362,显著性水平达0.02,且二者的相关具有明确的树木生理学意义。在0.10的显著性水平上,3个宽度年表均具有14a和3.4a左右的变化准周期,而5个灰度年表均存在2.2～2.4a的变化准周期。