不同季相针叶树种高光谱数据识别分析

利用高分辨率光谱仪在实地测得的光谱数据来识别美国加州的６种主要针叶树种。树冠阴面和阳面的高光谱数据分别在１９９６年夏、秋测得。首先对原始光谱数据作简单处理,然后进行６种数据变换：对数变换、一阶微分变换、对数变换后一阶微分变换、归一化变换、归一化变换后一阶微分变换及归一化后对数变换。采用相邻窄波段逐步加宽的办法,测试不同波段宽度对树种识别精度的影响。所有的变换方法及波段宽度试验最后均由神经元网络算法产生的树种分类精度来评价。试验结果表明对数变换后一阶微分和归一化变换后一阶微分能够获得高于９４％的平均精度;归一化变换和微分处理能够限制阴影的影响;２０ｎｍ的波段宽度用于识别此６种针叶树种是较为理想的。我们发现太阳高度角变化对树种识别影响不大。     

近1100年来柴达木盆地干湿气候演变特征及趋势预测

利用柴达木盆地东北缘宗务隆山和沙利克山采集的祁连圆柏年轮宽度序列及其与降水变化的响应关系，重建了柴达木盆地近1100年来的降水序列，分析了1100年间的旱涝演变特征，并对未来演变趋势进行了预测。研究表明：采用祁连圆柏年轮宽度序列EOF分析的第一主分量与德令哈降水序列的关系，重建了降水变化方程，恢复了柴达木盆地历史降水序列；过去1100年以来柴达木盆地经历了4个相对湿润和4个相对干旱的阶段，最近的1971—2000年是近千年来相对多雨的阶段，但20世纪90年代以来呈现出减少趋势，同时降水序列存在着准3年的最显著性周期；推测未来50年柴达木盆地的降水可能以偏少为主。     

脉冲微波式氢原子钟初期电路设计

上海天文台时间频率研究室以原有被动型氢钟物理部分为基础,开展了脉冲微波式氢原子钟的研究。设计电路产生2个相干微波脉冲,连续激励氢原子跃迁,模拟双腔共振,使氢原子发生Ramsey干涉,压缩氢原子跃迁谱线宽度,以期提高氢原子钟短期稳定度指标。具体做法为:用DDS产生扫频电路,混频生成1.420 405 GHz激励信号后,再用CPLD产生脉冲时序控制数字衰减器,将激励信号衰减为脉冲形式,激励氢原子发生Ramsey干涉,导出微波信号并进行相关处理就可以产生Ramsey条纹。已观测到Ramsey干涉条纹,其中心峰宽度为1.2 Hz,相比传统被动型氢原子钟压缩了60%。     

青海野马泉矿区钻头水口改进的研究

青海野马泉矿区在钻探生产中通常采用大钻压、高线速度的钻进规程。由于在钻进过程中单位时间内产生的岩粉量多、摩擦生热快且难以排出,常出现钻头非正常磨损现象,导致钻头提前失效,使得提下钻频繁,严重影响施工进度。根据现场地层情况和工艺条件设计了钻头,改进了钻头配方和钻头制造工艺,将钻头水口进行了适当的加宽。数值模拟分析和野外试验结果表明,适当加宽水口可以有效地排粉、降温和提高钻头寿命。     

Field study on drainage densities and rescaled width functions in a high‐altitude alpine catchment

This paper addresses the effect of accurately mapping spatially heterogeneous drainage densities in high‐altitude alpine basins on Rescaled Width Functions (RWFs), used in some applications as a minimalist model of the hydrologic response. The channel network and 373 of its channel heads were mapped in the field in a high mountain catchment in the Swiss Alps. The mapped channel network is characterized by highly uneven drainage density, here described by the distribution of the length to the first channelized site computed along steepest descent from any unchannelled site. Various channel networks were extracted from a 1 m lidar‐derived digital terrain model and compared with the field‐mapped channel network using geomorphologic parameters, hillslope‐to‐channel distance and RWFs. Our results show that the channel network derived by statistical analysis of surface morphology is consistent with the field‐mapped network. Larger discrepancies were observed when the channel network was obtained with classical threshold‐based approaches relying on cumulative drainage area and local slope. The actual arrangement of the drainage densities has a significant impact on the RWFs. The discrepancy was largest between RWFs derived from classical extraction methods and RWFs derived with the field‐mapped network, indicating an inappropriate extraction of the channelled portion of the high‐altitude catchment that is a reflection of the variety of channel initiation processes. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity of the drainage density might play an important role in modelling streamflow generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new framework for modeling the migration of meandering rivers

Many models of river meander migration rely upon a simple formalism, whereby the eroding bank is cut back at a rate that is dictated by the flow, and the depositing bank then migrates passively in response, so as to maintain a constant bankfull channel width. Here a new model is presented, in which separate relations are developed for the migration of the eroding bank and the depositing bank. It is assumed that the eroding bank consists of a layer of fine‐grained sediment that is cohesive and/or densely riddled with roots, underlain by a purely noncohesive layer of sand and/or gravel. Following erosion of the noncohesive layer, the cohesive layer fails in the form of slump blocks, which armor the noncohesive layer and thereby moderate the erosion rate. If the slump block material breaks down or is fluvially entrained, the protection it provides for the noncohesive layer diminishes and bank erosion is renewed. Renewed bank erosion, however, rejuvenates slump block armoring. At the depositing bank, it is assumed that all the sediment delivered to the edge of vegetation due to the transverse component of sediment transport is captured by encroaching vegetation, which is not removed by successive floods. Separate equations describing the migration of the eroding and depositing banks are tied to a standard morphodynamic formulation for the evolution of the flow and bed in the central region of the channel. In this model, the river evolves toward maintenance of roughly constant bankfull width as it migrates only to the extent that the eroding bank and depositing bank ‘talk’ to each other via the medium of the morphodynamics of the channel center region. The model allows for both (a) migration for which erosion widens the channel, forcing deposition at the opposite bank, and (b) migration for which deposition narrows the channel forcing erosion at the opposite bank. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

资阳市城市街道日照条件分析

随着城市建设的快速发展,城市居民享受＂阳光权＂的问题越来越受到重视,这篇文章利用城市街道日出日落时间公式和计算机程序,推算了四川省资阳市区不同街道走向、不同宽高比（L/H）、从春分至秋分和秋分至春分的可照时数,并据此分析了不同街道走向、宽高比、太阳赤纬等对资阳市城市街道可照时数的影响,得出资阳市以东西走向最为有利,街道宽高比适宜增大更有利于日照;利用四川省资阳市气象局近5年的实际日照时数、云量等观测资料,经过统计分析,得出云量等天空状况对资阳市日照条件有很大影响。     

Scales and arrangements of large wood in first- through fifth-order streams of the Blue Ridge Mountains

Large wood frequency and volume were examined as a function of landscape characteristics at different spatial and temporal scales in 50 reaches of the Upper Little Tennessee River basin with drainage areas ranging from 0.3 to 30.1 km². Riparian forest cover was described laterally at the reach scale and longitudinally 1 km upstream in all tributaries. Riparian cover was analyzed with geomorphic and additional landscape variables to isolate factors that most influence wood in streams. Forested area immediately surrounding the reach was the strongest predictor of wood frequency and volume, although upstream riparian cover can explain additional variation in wood distributions. An optimal forested buffer width around the stream for large wood was not evident. The relationship between the riparian forest and wood weakens in bigger channels, as fluvial transport of pieces increases. Resurveys demonstrate that large wood is most dynamic in wide, forested reaches and changes function during floods to store sediment and organic matter.     

Climatic response of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width and precipitation reconstruction for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, since 1720

August-June precipitation has been reconstructed back to AD 1720 for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, by use ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width. The reconstruction explains the variance of 39% in observed precipitation from 1973 to 2008. Some extremely dry/wet signals in historical documents and other precipitation reconstructions in previous studies are precisely captured in our reconstruction. Wet periods occurred during the periods of 1730 to 1746, 1789 to 1812, 1844 to 1903, 1920 to 1930, 1942 to 1961, and 1985 to 1998; while periods of 1747 to 1788, 1813 to 1843, 1904 to 1919, 1931 to 1941, and 1962 to 1984 were relatively dry. Power spectral and wavelet analyses demon- strated the existence of significant 24-year, 12-year, and 2-year cycles of variability.     

阿尔泰山中部树轮宽度年表特征及其气候响应

利用阿尔泰山中部地区3个采样点的树轮宽度资料,建立年表,对比3个树轮宽度标准化年表（STD）相关特征参数及年表与气候的响应,结果表明：大东沟（DDG）年表和二道房子（EDF）年表的平均敏感度和信噪比等参数均较大,表明2个年表含有较丰富的气候信息。2个年表的显著性水平达到0.01的自相关大多在4阶以内,表明气候对阿尔泰山中部树轮宽度生长的影响主要表现在当年及其后的3 a,其＂滞后效应＂较明显。位于阿尔泰山中部森林中下部林缘的大东沟树轮宽度年表（DDG）与上年11月-当年4月的降水量有显著的正相关（r=0.503,p〈0.001）;而位于阿尔泰山中部森林上树线附近的哈依萨萨依树轮宽度年表（HYS）对当年6-7月的月平均最低气温有明显的正相关（r=0.462,p〈0.001）,但同时与当年1月的降水有很好的响应。