应用地震子波理论识别破碎带

本文提出了在浅层地震勘探中应用地震子波理论识别破碎带的方法。简略地给出了数学方法的指导过程和思路,并以东川工程实测资料进行判别计算。结果表明,用该法辅助识别破碎带效果好,在理论和实用上很有价值。     

生产堤溃口展宽过程的概化模型试验研究

为研究生产堤溃口横向展宽过程的发展规律,以黄河下游生产堤土体为材料,开展概化模型试验,分析溃口处水深、流速、流量以及溃口宽度的变化。试验结果显示,溃口横向展宽的机理主要表现为水流冲刷堤身下层土体伴随上层悬臂土体发生绕轴崩塌;随着溃口展宽,堤前水深持续下降但下降速率逐渐减小,溃口流速呈先增大后减小的趋势,流速峰值约为1.1 m/s;随着主槽流量增加,溃口宽度发展至0.7 m时,溃口的水深、泄流流量、流速、展宽速率均有所增加。基于对溃口展宽的影响因素分析,提出溃口横向展宽速率的计算关系式,计算溃口展宽过程与实测值符合较好。研究结果不仅有助于生产堤展宽机理及发展规律的研究,还可为数学模型的建立与验证提供参考资料。     

曲流河扇相模式及应用

分支河流体系的讨论有助于促进各类冲积体系的分类学研究,并可促进源—汇体系分析的定量化。博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈（Okavango）曲流河扇是分支河流体系的典型代表,具有独特的沉积学、水文学和地貌学特征,主要特点如下：①河道形态属于单线曲流河道向下游分叉型,顺流方向产生弯度不一的分支河道网络,从顶点向下游方向,河道呈放射状,由河谷内的限制性河道变为盆地内的非限制性河道;②顺斜坡向下,河道分叉作用增强,河道的尺度和规模减小,受物源控制,无论是曲流河道还是低弯度河道,皆为砂质载荷,河道宽度、水体深度和沉积物粒度虽有系统变化但不显著,且在极低的坡度控制下,随着流量的减少,河道由曲流河逐渐变为低弯度河,河道形态转化的主要影响因素是坡度、流量、沉积物粒级和河岸强度;③根据湿地和河道分布特征,可将扇体划分为补给河谷、近源扇、中部扇和远端扇4个亚环境：补给河谷以单线曲流带和不同规模的迂回坝发育为特征,近源扇主要为泥炭限制的分支河道和河间沼泽沉积,中部扇主要为曲流河和低弯度河沉积,沼泽减少,漫滩增加,远端扇为宽浅型的非限定性河道,以沙岛林地之间的漫滩沉积为主;④沉积物主要为未固结的石英砂,主要来源于卡拉哈里盆地近代风成沉积,砂质纯净,分选和磨圆俱佳,缺乏细粒杂基,粒间细粒组分主要为生物成因的硅藻、植硅石和有机物质,亦见有方解石和二氧化硅胶结物。  对现代曲流河扇体系进行调查的重要目的就是研究地下类似沉积体系的分布。通过对我国大型含油气盆地相关“内陆三角洲”沉积特征和沉积规律的重新认识,可为油气资源的勘探开发提供预测模式。鄂尔多斯盆地山西组沉积时期,沉积作用受盆地北缘物源控制,来自北部物源的碎屑物质在宽阔的湿地平原上发育了多套分支河流沉积体系,主要为曲流河扇沉积体系。顺着沉积斜坡向下,河道的尺度和规模减小,沉积物粒度变细,煤层和暗色泥岩厚度变小,缺乏明显的三角洲前缘沉积环境及稳定的前三角洲深水相。沉积组合主要表现为分支河道砂岩、漫岸细粒沉积与湿地泥岩及薄煤层的互层,为大气田的形成奠定了沉积基础。     

反复荷载作用下PRC结构竖缝强度及刚度的退化

为了了解PRC结构竖缝的抗震性能,并进行合理的设计,以试验结果及理论分析为基础,对竖缝在反复荷载作用下强度和刚度的退化进行分析,认为接缝混凝土强度的退化率随接缝宽度的增大而减小;接合筋强度退化率仅与剪切摩擦系数有关;接缝强度的退化率随接缝宽度增大而减小,与接合筋的关系呈非线性;接缝刚度退化率随缝宽增大而减小,与接合筋关系不大。     

Influence of rock strength on the valley morphometry of Big Creek, central Idaho, USA

Analysis of valley morphometry and bedrock strength along Big Creek, central Idaho, shows that valley floor width is strongly controlled by bedrock. We performed statistical analysis of Schmidt hammer rock strength as a function of lithology and aspect and of valley morphometry as a function of rock strength. Rock strength is significantly greater on the south side of the valley and in Eocene granodiorites. Rock strength is weakest in Eocene volcanic tuffs. Valley floor width depends negatively on weakest valley-side rock strength, and hillslope gradient on the north side of the valley depends positively on rock strength. Stream gradient does not depend on rock strength. Valley floor width appears to be controlled by bedrock strength on the weaker side of the valley, which was generally the north (south-facing) side. We speculate that a higher degree of weathering via freeze–thaw cycles contributes to lower strength on the north side. The positive dependence of hillslope gradient on rock strength on the north side provides evidence that differential weathering across lithologies determines the gradient that can be maintained as lateral migration of the stream erodes valley walls. These results suggest that in situ rock strength exerts strong influences on some measures of valley morphometry by modulating hillslope mass wasting processes and limiting lateral erosion.     

宁夏罗山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)树轮宽度对气候因子的响应分析

 树轮样本采自宁夏罗山油松纯林的下限和上限。建立了下限和上限的树轮宽度标准化年表,分析了树轮宽度与降水、气温、湿润指数(P/T)的相关关系,结果显示,下限和上限树轮宽度指数都与当年3月、5月、春季以及年降水量显著正相关,与7月气温显著负相关;下限树轮宽度标准化年表与气候要素的相关系数一般大于上限的相关系数,而且下限树轮宽度与前一年9月、秋季降水以及夏季气温的相关也达到显著水平,表明下限树轮宽度标准化序列对降水和气温单一气候要素的变化较敏感;下限和上限的树轮宽度指数和湿润指数(P/T)呈正相关关系,而且上限树轮宽度和3—8月湿润指数的正相关达到99%的置信水平,说明罗山油松纯林上限树轮宽度标准化序列对水热组合的响应较敏感。     

应力对煤岩裂缝宽度及渗透率的影响

煤层气的开发实践表明,煤岩裂缝和渗透率是制约我国煤层气资源开发成败的关键因素之一。以室内实验为手段,系统研究了有效应力改变条件下煤岩裂缝宽度和渗透率的变化规律。结果表明:煤岩裂缝宽度和渗透率都随有效应力的增大而减小;当有效应力达到8 MPa后,裂缝宽度变化相对缓慢,渗透率变化也很微弱。由此可见,煤岩裂缝和渗透率对应力的变化非常敏感。      

The variability in the morphological active width: Results from physical models of gravel‐bed braided rivers

The morphological active width, defined as the lateral extent of bed material displacement over time, is a fundamental parameter in multi‐threaded gravel‐bed rivers, linking complex channel dynamics to bedload transport. Here, results are presented from five constant discharge experiments, and three event hydrographs, covering a range of flow strengths and channel configurations for which morphological change, bedload transport rates, and stream power were measured in a physical model. Changes in channel morphology were determined via differencing of photogrammetrically‐derived digital elevation models (DEMs) of the model surface generated at regular intervals over the course of ~115 h of experimental runs. Independent measures of total bedload output were made using downstream sediment baskets. Results indicate that the morphological active width increases with total and dimensionless stream power and is strongly and positively correlated with bulk change (total volume of bed material displaced over time) and active braiding intensity (ABI). Although there is considerable scatter due to the inherent variability in braided river morphodynamics, the active width is positively correlated with independent measurements of bedload transport rate. Active width, bulk change, and bedload transport rates were all negligible below a dimensionless stream power threshold value of ~ 0.09, above which all increase with flow strength. Therefore, the active width could be used as a general predictor of bulk change and bedload transport rates, which in turn could be approximated from total and dimensionless stream power or ABI in gravel‐bed braided rivers. Furthermore, results highlight the importance of the active width, rather than the morphological active depth, in predicting volumes of change and bedload transport rates. The results contribute to the larger goals of better understanding braided river morphodynamics, creating large high‐resolution datasets of channel change for model calibration and validation, and developing morphological methods for predicting bedload transport rates in braiding river systems. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于缝宽-滑移理论的铝合金配筋混凝土梁粘结性能研究

铝合金筋与混凝土的粘结性能是影响铝合金配筋新型混凝土梁承载力的重要因素。对9根铝合金配筋混凝土梁和2根钢筋混凝土对比梁进行了静载试验,分析混凝土梁在加载过程中的裂缝发展情况,基于缝宽-滑移理论研究试验梁的粘结性能。研究结果表明:同级荷载作用下,钢筋混凝土梁的裂缝宽度小于铝合金配筋混凝土梁,钢筋与混凝土的粘结性能优于铝合金与混凝土的粘结性能;混凝土梁中纵筋所受拉力,实质上是混凝土开裂后,单元体内部粘结力的合力;纵筋与混凝土的粘结滑移量与粘结力直接相关,可通过代数和微积分计算得到二者的对应关系。     

基于DEM的黄土沟谷横剖面形态特征研究——以宜君、延安、绥德为例

选用1:10 000高精度5.0 m分辨率的DEM数据,在陕北地区,按黄土地貌演化序列次序,遴选分别代表黄土残塬沟壑、梁状丘陵沟壑、峁状丘陵沟壑地貌的宜君、延安、绥德3个流域,研究其中1 831个沟谷横剖面19个因子的形态特征,利用主成分分析法确立核心因子,分析结果表明：① 沟谷深度、宽度、横剖面面积、宽深比、侵蚀度与不对称性指标的主成分累积贡献率为95.02%,为黄土沟谷横剖面核心指标;② 随级别的增加,3个流域沟谷宽度、横剖面积、宽深比、侵蚀度均呈现总体增加的态势,与黄土地貌发育阶段具有明显的空间耦合性,尤其是宽深比与侵蚀度指标,反映出低级别黄土沟谷溯源侵蚀现象明显,以下切侵蚀为主,而高级别沟谷沟沿线后移,以侧向侵蚀拓宽为主的规律;③ 随级别增加沟谷深度呈现先增后降的态势,并在中级别沟谷出现拐点,与实地调研发现沟谷在中级别下切侵蚀遇到基岩的现象相吻合。