Bankfull width and morphological units in an alpine stream of the dolomites (Northern Italy)

This research examines variations in bankfull cross-sections along a steep stream of the Dolomites (Cordevole stream, Belluno, Northern Italy). Field measurements were conducted to determine variations in the channel top-width at bankfull stage in relation to the drainage area and to the length of the flow path. After grouping the bed morphologies according to the Montgomery and Buffington [Montgomery, D.R., Buffington, J.M., 1997. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 109 (5) 596–611.] classification, we analyzed the increase in bankfull width for the dominant stream units (cascades, step pools, isolated pools and colluvial reaches at the head of the basin). We observed that the morphologies more related to the drainage area are colluvial reaches and pools; the less adaptable are steps and cascades. These differences likely result from the absence of lateral constriction in the colluvial reaches and pools, whereas the presence of coarser sediments in the bed can affect the transverse adjustments in steps and reaches dominated by cascades. Linkages between cross-section geometry and parameters related to flow (i.e. drainage area and stream power) have been analyzed together with the distribution of surface grain sizes and its coarsening pattern. The existence of distinctive bankfull widths between different morphological units points out the degree of susceptibility to be modeled according to the channel slope, reference diameter (D₉₀), and contributing area.     

地铁隧道施工引起地层位移规律的探讨

目前对城市隧道开挖所引起的地表以下地层的位移规律的认识还很不充分，长期以来只有定性地认识。英国学者Mair等人（1993年）根据在黏土中的有限实测资料，基于预测地表位移的Peck公式，考虑了沉降槽宽度随深度变化，从而提出了地表以下的位移计算公式。他们的研究成果被广泛引用，但是由于其仅适用于黏性土，且假定地表处沉降槽宽度参数为0.5，因此在应用上受到很大的限制。在Mair公式的基础上，着重讨论了沉降槽宽度参数随地层深度的变化趋势，并提出了修正计算公式，不仅可以考虑地表沉降槽宽度参数与0.5相差较大的情况，还适用于砂类土地层，因此比Mair公式具有更广泛的适用性。     

以树轮宽度重建九寨沟1750年以来 冬半年平均最低温度*

利用四川九寨沟地区树轮宽度年表对该地区1750A.D.以来的冬半年(上年11月到当年3月)平均最低温度进行模拟重建,重建方程的方差解释量为46.2 ％ (调整自由度后为45.1 ％ )。结果表明,九寨沟地区在重建期间平均最低温度较低的时段主要有1814~1844年和1937~1984年两个阶段; 而平均最低温度较高的时段主要有1795~1813年和1984年至今两个时期,其中1984年之后的升温时段尤为显著,与川西其他地点冬季温度重建非常相近。计算显示,与尼泊尔Kathmandu冬半年平均气温(上年10月到当年2月)相比,九寨沟地区冬半年平均最低温度存在显著2年滞后(r=0.27, p<0.0001),而1825年前后及1970年前后两个冬季低温时段在两个地点大体是一致的,这些现象表明青藏高原周边地区冬半年温度变化的趋同性。功率谱分析表明,九寨沟地区冬半年平均最低温度2.11~6.86a的准周期与ENSO周期比较一致,而18.46a准周期则显示了该地气温变动与天文准19a周期有一定关系。     

Crossover from capillary fingering to compact invasion for two-phase drainage with stable viscosity ratios

Motivated by a wide range of applications from enhanced oil recovery to carbon dioxide sequestration, we have developed a two-dimensional, pore-level model of immiscible drainage, incorporating viscous, capillary, and gravitational effects. This model has been validated quantitatively, in the very different limits of zero viscosity ratio and zero capillary number; flow patterns from modeling agree well with experiment. For a range of stable viscosity ratios (μ_injected/μ_displaced ? 1), we have increased the capillary number, N_c, and studied the way in which the flows deviate from capillary fingering (the fractal flow of invasion percolation) and become compact for realistic capillary numbers. Results exhibiting this crossover from capillary fingering to compact invasion are presented for the average position of the injected fluid, the fluid–fluid interface, the saturation and fractional flow profiles, and the relative permeabilities. The agreement between our results and earlier theoretical predictions [Blunt M, King MJ, Scher H. Simulation and theory of two-phase flow in porous media. Phys Rev A 1992;46:7680–99; Lenormand R. Flow through porous media: limits of fractal patterns. Proc Roy Soc A 1989;423:159–68; Wilkinson D. Percolation effects in immiscible displacement. Phys Rev A 1986;34:1380–90; Xu B, Yortsos YC, Salin D. Invasion Percolation with viscous forces. Phys Rev E 1998;57:739–51] supports the validity of these general theoretical arguments, which were independent of the details of the porous media in both two and three dimensions.     

强震地表破裂宽度与震级的统计关系研究

研究了强震造成地表破裂的宽度范围,得出造成地表破裂的下限震级地６．６级,对应最大震级（Ｍ＝８．５）的可能破裂宽度是１００ｋｍ,它是一种带状破裂而不是一种线状破裂,统计得出震级－地表破裂宽度的经验关系式。     

瞬变电磁测深波场变换中波形展宽原因探讨

波场变换技术使瞬变电磁测深反演应用层析成像技术成为可能,但变换后得到的电磁场量波形随偏移距和地层电导率的增大而展宽,严重影响着反演的空间分辨率。本文通过导出的大回线圈在均匀无耗媒质中的阶跃响应之解析表达式,分析了大回线圈的辐射场波形宽度与场点坐标的关系。应用这一关系和大地感应电流空间分布的特点,讨论了波形展宽的原因,并指出,波场变换中波形展宽是由于大地中感应涡旋电流在空间上呈体分布的特性所造成的。      

Using width‐based rating curves from spatially discontinuous satellite imagery to monitor river discharge

Remote estimation of river discharge from river width variations is an intriguing method for gauging rivers without conventional measurements. Entirely cloud‐free imagery of an entire river reach is often rare, but partial coverage is more frequent. Discharge is estimated from spatially discontinuous imagery via construction of multiple width–discharge rating curves within a 62‐km reach of the Tanana River, Alaska. The resulting discharge error is as low as 6.7% root mean squared error. Imagery covering <20% of the study reach can be used. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高光谱成像遥感载荷技术的现状与发展

高光谱成像技术可同时获取地物的几何、辐射和光谱信息,集相机、辐射计和光谱仪能力于一体,相比光学空间二维成像,可对地物进行空间和光谱三维成像,在一定的空间分辨率下,获取宽谱段范围内地物独特的连续特征光谱,对地物的精细分类和识别具有突出的优势,目前已成为对地遥感的重要前沿技术手段,在自然资源调查、生态环境监测、农林牧渔、海洋与海岸带监测等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。随着高光谱遥感应用的深入研究,对高光谱成像遥感仪器的光谱范围、幅宽、光谱分辨率、空间分辨率、时间分辨率与定标精度等指标提出了新的要求。同时满足这些相互制约的参数指标,是国内外高光谱载荷研制中一直难以突破的技术难点。本文主要对国内外的高光谱成像遥感载荷技术进行了综述,介绍了国内外典型的机载、星载高光谱成像遥感仪器,以及近年来发射、正在研制和计划发展的星载高光谱成像载荷,并分析了这些载荷的技术方案、性能指标和应用效果;介绍了声光调谐（AOTF）、液晶调谐（LCTF）、法布里—珀罗调谐（FPTF）,渐变式（LVF）和阶跃式（ISF）光楔滤光片,压缩感知光谱成像等新型分光技术,并分析了它们各自的技术优缺点以及应用于高光谱成像的可行性和现状;最后展望了高光谱成像载荷技术的发展趋势。     

毫米波雷达与雨滴谱仪观测弱降水的对比分析

针对毫米波雷达测量的数据需要进行验证,提出利用雨滴谱反演雷达观测量:回波强度、径向速度、速度谱宽和归一化的功率谱密度数据对比毫米波雷达在最低有效观测高度处探测弱降水数据的方法及分析毫米波雷达观测量误差来源。结果表明:2种观测仪器得到的回波强度随时间变化趋势大致相同但变化幅度差异较大,误差主要源于雷达天线的积水;径向速度由于空气的上升速度、湍流等影响使两者数值有一定差异,但是变化趋势却十分接近。速度谱宽两者结果是演变趋势和变化范围都非常接近;两者归一化功率谱值曲线随速度变化趋势相似,然而由于空气的上升速度、湍流等影响导致两者曲线出现整体平移。     

New insights on the trophic ecology of bathyal communities from the methane seep area off Concepción,Chile (~36° S)

Studies of the trophic structure in methane‐seep habitats provide insight into the ecological function of deep‐sea ecosystems. Methane seep biota on the Chilean margin likely represent a novel biogeographic province; however, little is known about the ecology of the seep fauna and particularly their trophic support. The present study, using natural abundance stable isotopes, reveals a complex trophic structure among heterotrophic consumers, with four trophic levels supported by a diversity of food sources at a methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S). Although methanotrophy, thiotrophy and phototrophy are all identified as carbon fixation mechanisms fueling the food web within this area, most of the analysed species (87.5%) incorporate carbon derived from photosynthesis and a smaller number (12%) use carbon derived from chemosynthesis. Methane‐derived carbon (MDC) incorporation was documented in 22 taxa, including sipunculids, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. In addition, wide trophic niches were detected in suspension‐feeding and deposit‐feeding taxa, possibly associated with the use of organic matter in different stages of degradation (e.g. from fresh to refractory). Estimates of Bayesian standard ellipses area (SEA_B) reveal different isotopic niche breadth in the predator fishes, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and the combtooth dogfish Centroscyllium nigrum, suggesting generalist versus specialist feeding behaviors, respectively. Top predators in the ecosystem were the Patagonian toothfish D. eleginoides and the dusky cat shark, Bythaelurus canescens. The blue hake Antimora rostrata also provides a trophic link between the benthic and pelagic systems, with a diet based primarily on pelagic‐derived carrion. These findings can inform accurate ecosystem models, which are critical for effective management and conservation of methane seep and adjacent deep‐sea habitats in the Southeastern Pacific.