考虑接触面积影响的粗糙节理渗流分析

节理中接触面积的存在使得渗流曲折效应更加明显,将对渗流产生显著影响。为了研究节理接触面积对节理渗流的影响,建立节理渗流概念模型,推导得到了节理渗流的接触面积影响系数;然后在节理渗流计算公式中引入该影响系数,得到了考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式。同时,由于接触面积的存在使得渗流曲折因子的计算更为复杂,在获得节理隙宽分布的基础上提出了计算节理渗流曲折因子的五点比较法。然后以人工大理岩节理试件为研究对象,在获得其三维表面形貌的基础上,一方面对其进行不同接触状态下5级法向应力作用下的渗流试验;另一方面,在根据节理试件的三维表面形貌数据计算节理的渗流平均曲折因子和接触面积比的基础上,分别采用考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式和Zimmerman计算公式对节理试件在不同法向应力作用下的渗流体积流量进行计算,并将计算结果与实测值进行比较。结果表明：考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式计算结果与实测值吻合较好,从而验证了考虑接触面积影响的渗流计算公式的正确性,而Zimmerman计算公式高估了节理的渗流流量。     

Bathymetry and bottom albedo retrieval using Hyperion: a case study of Thitu Island and reef

The Spratly （Nansha） Islands in the South China Sea have considerable economic and important militarily strategic status. Ocean color remote sensing is an effective mean of surveying and research and especially it is useful for areas that are difficult to access, such as Thitu Island and its reef in the Spratly Islands. The Hyper-spectral Optimization Process Exemplar （HOPE） model, developed by Lee et al. （1999） is a rapid and robust bathymetry method that uses hyper-spectral remote sensing. In this study, using Hyperion hyper-spectral sensor data and HOPE, we derive bathymetry and bottom albedo measurements around Thitu Island and its reef. We compare the distribution of bottom depths from C-MAP with that derived from the Hyperion data. The retrieved bathymetry results correlate well with the distribution obtained from the bathymetry contour from 2.0 to 20 m. The average difference between Hyperion and C-MAP for two selected transects was 17.1% （n=59, R=0.848, RMSE=2.342） and 10.9% （n=59, R2=0.834, RMSE=0.463）. The retrieved bottom albedo is homogeneous in the lagoon and significantly non-homogeneous around the lagoon. These results indicate that HOPE could be very useful for bathymetry studies for the islands of the South China Sea.     

Effects of bottom bracings on torsional dynamic characteristics of horizontally curved twin I-girder bridges with different curvatures

Curved twin I-girder bridges (CTIGBs) have low torsional stiffness that makes them vulnerable to dynamic loads.This study investigates the effects of bottom bracings on the torsional dynamic characteri...     

GIS的不同次区域之间相似性度量

 GIS属性相似度量有相似系数及以空间位置的空间自相关。这2种方法都不能计算全域为背景的次区域相似性问题,而以隶属函数的粗糙度量很好地解决了这个问题。本文利用粗糙集计算了GIS的离散型数据的次区域相似度量。利用邻域粗糙集计算了连续属性值的上下近似逼近,并利用邻域信息粒子计算连续属性值的粗糙隶属问题,从而计算连续属性值次区域相似度量问题。本文方法能度量次区域而不是全域或单个元素之间的空间相关与自相关问题,考虑了全区域背景下的GIS相似问题。并针对GIS连续属性值,利用距离函数和邻域粗糙集来划分连续属性的上下近似,以及分类问题,提出一种基于邻域信息粒子的粗糙隶属函数。最后利用粗糙相似度量公式度量GIS次区域的相似问题。     

超大型沉井首次接高受力及变形规律初探

依托马鞍山长江大桥南锚碇沉井的首次接高,对其竖向沉降、隔墙墙底土压力和隔墙底板受力情况进行了监测。结果表明,超大型沉井兼有条形基础的特点和整体工作性能,能够承受较大的竖向变形,与单纯考虑地基承载力相比,更适合于按变形控制接高。沉井接高时普通隔墙下的土压力小于分区隔墙,并且普通隔墙下部土体会先达极限承载力,后续接高产生的荷载转而由分区隔墙（或井壁）来承担。沉井首节混凝土浇筑就已决定了隔墙底板的应力大小和分布情况,后续接高不会再引起大的改变;隔墙底板中间部分受力较小,外围拉应力较大,通过井壁外土体的密实回填可有效降低此部分拉应力。     

基于BP神经网络的底水油藏控水压裂选段新方法

随着水平井压裂技术的普遍应用,压裂段的选择成为影响增产效果的主要因素之一,但针对底水油气藏,在压裂时同时考虑控水同样重要。影响底水油气藏压裂效果的因素很多,因素之间具有高度不确定的非线性关系,给控水压裂选段分析带来了诸多不便。利用传统的单因素回归等方法,显然不能满足底水油藏多种影响因素下水平压裂段的选择。针对此问题,通过油藏工程理论和现场经验,确定了避水高度、地层各向异性、天然裂缝发育程度、地应力差值、水平井曲直偏差、储层与水层之间隔层发育程度六个参数作为影响控水压裂段选择的主要因素,建立定性分析方法。通过底水脊进模型确定了参数界限,结合BP神经网络系统的原理,建立定量分析。利用计算机语言编制底水油气藏水平井压裂段控水选择软件,通过实际应用,表明其对现场施工具有一定的指导作用。     

Sewage treatment level and flow rates affect polychaete assemblages

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) aim to improve water quality and reduce the environmental impact of wastewater, by requiring member states to introduce better treatment levels. This study was carried out in order to detect the most suitable treatment type or flow level for reducing benthic environmental impact. Therefore, soft-bottom polychaete assemblages affected by discharges of six treatment plants, with different treatment technologies and flow rates, were analysed over three consecutive years. Polychaete assemblages changed as a result of sewage discharge. These changes were related to treatment level and flow rates. Both disposal quality and quantity are important since changes in soft-bottom assemblages in stations affected by pre-treated sewage with medium and high flow rates are observed. However, the location with a low-flow pre-treated effluent has similar polychaete assemblages with regard to locations with biological treatment or controls.     

Shaking‐table tests of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material

According to Eurocode 8, the seismic design of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material is based on a rough estimate of the inertial force imposed on the structure by the ensiled content during an earthquake: 80% of the mass of the content multiplied by the peak ground acceleration. A recent analytical consideration of the horizontal shear force mobilised within the ensiled material during an earthquake proposed by some of the authors has resulted in a radically reduced estimate of this load suggesting that, in practice, the effective mass of the content is significantly less than that specified. This paper describes a series of laboratory tests that featured shaking table and a silo model, which were conducted in order to obtain some experimental data to verify the proposed theoretical formulations and to compare with the established code provisions. Several tests have been performed with different heights of ensiled material – about 0.5 mm diameter Ballotini glass – and different magnitudes of grain–wall friction. The results indicate that in all cases, the effective mass is indeed lower than the Eurocode specification, suggesting that the specification is overly conservative, and that the wall–grain friction coefficient strongly affects the overturning moment at the silo base. At peak ground accelerations up to around 0.35 g, the proposed analytical formulation provides an improved estimate of the inertial force imposed on such structures by their contents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮北新矿区新生界底部松散沉积物沉积特征及水理性质

分析了淮北新矿区新生界底部松散层沉积物沉积特征及水理性质,尤其是四含的岩性组合结构。在对各级粒径之间的相互掺杂进行统计的同时,对岩层的厚度,物理性质,水理性质,矿物形态及含量进行进一步的研究。得出结论：淮北煤田新矿区松散沉积物第四含水层是以下部合粘性土砂砾层和上部夹砂层的粘性土段组成。分布较稳定,但厚度和岩性有较大变化,主要受古地形和古地理位置的控制。各种粒级的沉积物相互掺杂,颗粒分布不均一,砂性土的有效粒径与其本身定名粒级相比低2～3个粒级,其透水性与比其低2个粒级沉积物相当。四含不仅具有隔水性,而且有较强的持水性。     

基于Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测

预测隧道工程中TBM掘进速度,主要有完全经验的、半理论半经验的模型和人工智能等方法,所用参数均为确定性的,未考虑参数存在的随机性,故导致预测结果的不准确性。基于此,提出了Monte Carlo-BP神经网络TBM掘进速度预测模型,着重考虑了一些重要输入参数的随机性, 其中输入参数重要性的大小通过粗糙集进行计算排序。采用Monte Carlo产生随机数时,由于参量的样本数据的有限,分布函数均采用阶梯形经验分布函数。如果采用的数据是来自不同类型的 TBM,则应当考虑机器性能参数,并重新对参数重要性进行排序。实例计算表明,Monte Carlo-BP神经网络模型预测结果和实测值总体趋势和均值比较一致。