Retrieval of effective leaf area index (LAIe) and leaf area density (LAD) profile at individual tree level using high density multi-return airborne LiDAR

As an important canopy structure indicator, leaf area index (LAI) proved to be of considerable implications for forest ecosystem and ecological studies, and efficient techniques for accurate LAI acquisitions have long been highlighted. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), often termed as airborne laser scanning (ALS), once was extensively investigated for this task but showed limited performance due to its low sampling density. Now, ALS systems exhibit more competing capacities such as high density and multi-return sampling, and hence, people began to ask the questions like—“can ALS now work better on the task of LAI prediction?” As a re-examination, this study investigated the feasibility of LAI retrievals at the individual tree level based on high density and multi-return ALS, by directly considering the vertical distributions of laser points lying within each tree crown instead of by proposing feature variables such as quantiles involving laser point distribution modes at the plot level. The examination was operated in the case of four tree species (i.e. Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula and Quercus robur) in a mixed forest, with their LAI-related reference data collected by using static terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). In light of the differences between ALS- and TLS-based LAI characterizations, the methods of voxelization of 3D scattered laser points, effective LAI (LAIe) that does not distinguish branches from canopies and unified cumulative LAI (ucLAI) that is often used to characterize the vertical profiles of crown leaf area densities (LADs) was used; then, the relationships between the ALS- and TLS-derived LAIes were determined, and so did ucLAIs. Tests indicated that the tree-level LAIes for the four tree species can be estimated based on the used airborne LiDAR (R² = 0.07, 0.26, 0.43 and 0.21, respectively) and their ucLAIs can also be derived. Overall, this study has validated the usage of the contemporary high density multi-return airborne LiDARs for LAIe and LAD profile retrievals at the individual tree level, and the contribution are of high potential for advancing forest ecosystem modeling and ecological understanding.     

热红外与可见光数据的云边缘高度匹配

高分辨率数据中云高度的差异性突显,特别是边缘处高度在云阴影识别和地表辐射估算等方面成为需要考虑的重要因素。热红外数据获取云高度分辨率较低、缺乏细部差异性特征,为解决这一问题,首先将对应的热红外和可见光数据进行特征点配准,再将基于热红外数据计算的云高度重采样至高分辨率,然后以基于欧式距离变换的围线搜索方法及距离加权将热红外云边缘高度匹配至对应的可见光图像,最后根据云阴影的相似度匹配方法确定真实云高度。结果表明,算法在遵循热红外云高信息分布变化规律的同时,可以得到较准确的高分辨率云边缘高度,一定程度上解决了热红外技术获取云高在分辨率上的局限,扩展了其在云高反演方面的作用。     

一种新的窗户特征提取方法研究

在建筑物立面重建中,窗户提取、结构识别是学者们研究的热点。针对建筑物特征提取的应用需求,文中提出一种基于局部搜索算法——爬山法的窗户信息提取方法,介绍研究中采用的一些原理、方法,从而可以准确有效地从激光扫描数据中提取出建筑物的窗户信息。利用本方案对地面激光扫描系统获取的建筑物实验数据进行具体的处理,并给出可视化表达结果。     

国际油气井钻头进展概述（二）——FuseTek融合钻头与Pexus组合钻头

NOV公司2013年向市场推出FuseTek融合钻头。它将PDC钻头的高钻速与孕镶金刚石钻头的耐磨性结合于一体,适宜于钻进中硬—坚硬、高研磨性地层。FuseTek钻头已广泛应用于刚果、厄瓜多尔、中国、哥伦比亚等国家。应用表明,该新型组合钻头比PDC钻头或牙轮钻头钻进效率提高许多,工作寿命增加1～3倍或更多。Shear Bits公司于2014年推出Pexus组合钻头。该钻头广泛应用于加拿大冰川冰碛物钻进。地层上部硬卵砾石层利用可转动硬质合金齿钻进,下部软砂岩与页岩则运用PDC碎岩。整个冰碛物地层用一个Pexus钻头一钻到底。所述3类组合式钻头（含Kymera钻头）对于未来实现“一个钻头,一口井”的目标有重要意义。     

Identification of Uranyl Minerals Using Oxygen K‐Edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Although most of the world's uranium exists as pitchblende or uraninite, this mineral can be weathered to a great variety of secondary uranium minerals, most containing the uranyl cation. Anthropogenic uranium compounds can also react in the environment, leading to spatial–chemical alterations that could be useful for nuclear forensics analyses. Soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has the advantages of being non‐destructive, element‐specific and sensitive to electronic and physical structure. The soft X‐ray probe can also be focused to a spot size on the order of tens of nanometres, providing chemical information with high spatial resolution. However, before XAS can be applied at high spatial resolution, it is necessary to find spectroscopic signatures for a variety of uranium compounds in the soft X‐ray spectral region. To that end, we collected the near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of a variety of common uranyl‐bearing minerals, including uranyl carbonates, oxyhydroxides, phosphates and silicates. We find that uranyl compounds can be distinguished by class (carbonate, oxyhydroxide, phosphate or silicate) based on their oxygen K‐edge absorption spectra. This work establishes a database of reference spectra for future spatially resolved analyses. We proceed to show scanning X‐ray transmission microscopy (STXM) data from a schoepite particle in the presence of an unknown contaminant.     

Numerical Investigation of Submarine Hydrodynamics and Flow Field in Steady Turn

This paper presents numerical simulations of viscous flow past a submarine model in steady turn by solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier?Stokes Equations (RANSE) for incompressible, steady flows. The rotating coordinate system was adopted to deal with the rotation problem. The Coriolis force and centrifugal force due to the computation in a body-fixed rotating frame of reference were treated explicitly and added to momentum equations as source terms. Furthermore, velocities of entrances were coded to give the correct magnitude and direction needed. Two turbulence closure models (TCMs), the RNG model with wall functions and curvature correction and the Shear Stress Transport (SST) model without the use of wall functions, but with curvature correction and low-Re correction were introduced, respectively. Take DARPA SUBOFF model as the test case, a series of drift angle varying between 0° and 16° at a Reynolds number of 6.53×106 undergoing rotating arm test simulations were conducted. The computed forces and moment as a function of drift angle during the steady turn are mostly in close agreement with available experimental data. Though the difference between the pressure coefficients around the hull form was observed, they always show the same trend. It was demonstrated that using sufficiently fine grids and advanced turbulence models will lead to accurate prediction of the flow field as well as the forces and moments on the hull.     

Petrophysical characterisation of tight sandstone gas reservoirs using nuclear magnetic resonance: a case study of the upper Paleozoic strata in the Kangning area,eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,China

Residual and movable porosity are significant parameters for characterising petrophysical properties, especially in tight reservoirs. Eight tight sandstone samples from the upper Paleozoic gas-bearing strata in the Kangning area, from the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrography, and porosity and permeability tests. The lithology and pore types were identified and classified using petrography and SEM. The residual and movable porosity were obtained with NMR. In addition, NMR was used to visualise pore structure and pore size distribution. The results suggest that the upper Paleozoic sandstones in the study area mainly comprise feldspathic litharenite and litharenite. The sandstone porosity and permeability are low, with means of 5.9% and 0.549 mD, respectively. Four pore types exist in the tight sandstones: residual primary pores, grain dissolution pores, micropores (clay-dominated) and microfractures. The T₂ spectra under water-saturated conditions correlate with pore size and can be used to distinguish small and large pores based on the transverse relaxation time cutoff value of 10 ms, which corresponds to a pore diameter of 0.232 μm. Small pores account for 72% of the pores in the tight sandstones. The continuous bimodal T₂ spectra suggest good connectivity between small and large pores, despite the low porosity and permeability. In this study, the movable porosity of the major tight sandstone gas reservoirs is higher than the residual porosity, which confirms the effective evaluation of movable porosity to tight sandstone reservoirs, based on NMR experiments.     

基于三维激光扫描技术的岩质边坡泥化夹层空间分布和几何形态

为了定量研究泥化夹层的空间分布和几何形态,以云南省玉溪市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂高边坡局部开挖剖面为对象,利用徕卡ScanStation C10三维激光扫描仪和瑞典ROMER RA-7520-2六轴关节臂三维测量仪进行扫描,得到了开挖剖面和泥化夹层的原始点云数据;然后采用Cyclone和Geomagic Wrap软件对点云数据进行一系列处理,分析了泥化夹层的三维空间分布、层面产状、间距、层面粗糙度和几何形态。结果表明：大部分泥化夹层横向分布于整个扫描剖面,少数呈局部分布;泥化夹层的平均倾向为196.41°±5.51°,平均倾角为22.27°±2.23°,间距在3.7~49.1 cm之间,平均值为（20.4±12.0）cm;不同层位及同一层位不同横向位置的泥化夹层厚度都不等,最厚约20 mm,最薄小于1 mm;泥化夹层顶面局部典型区域的平面拟合偏差在-22.4~32.5 mm之间,沿夹层倾向的粗糙度系数在5.67~16.77之间,平均值为10.11±3.25;泥化夹层的表面积与体积之比在5.14~5.86 cm^-1之间。运用三维激光扫描技术研究泥化夹层的空间分布和几何形态是可行的。玉溪市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂高边坡的泥化夹层具有宏观整体上相对平直、相互近似平行、非等距分布、间距小、层数多、厚度薄,细观上顶面粗糙底面相对光滑、三维形态复杂的特点。     

基于镜像图的LRC和CRC偏差结合的人脸识别

为了提高人脸识别率及更好地显示人脸特征,本文提出了一种基于镜像图的LRC和CRC偏差结合的人脸识别方法.该方法首先生成一种镜像人脸,再通过融合原始人脸和镜像人脸形成新的混合训练样本,最后利用LRC和CRC偏差结合进行人脸识别.新方法增加了训练样本的数目,克服了由于光照和姿态等外部因素带来的影响.实验结果表明,镜像图与LRC和CRC偏差结合的人脸识别方法提高了人脸识别的准确性.     

新型移动三维激光扫描技术在盾构管片椭圆度检测中的应用

铁运营阶段对隧道结构的变形监测保证了地铁运行的安全,而椭圆度检测是地铁隧道结构检测的重要工作。本文简单介绍了传统椭圆度检测的基本方法,分析了新型移动三维激光扫描检测系统基本原理及隧道椭圆度检测的方法和处理流程。通过工程案例实际应用以及对检测结果的综合分析,证明了移动三维激光扫描技术在盾构管片椭圆度检测中的优势。