Braess模型与城市网络的空间复杂化探讨

Braess交通网络模型是经典的图论模型,但该模型同时具有很强的地理学色彩。Braess借助一个简单的网络揭示了出人意料的地理现象:增加交通路线有时反而降低运输效率。从理论地理学的角度对Braess网络进行了数学抽象,然后利用规划理论、图论和微分方程解析等方法揭示出区域-城市地理系统的空间复杂化两个重要动因:空间相互作用和宏观对称破坏。     

Air-sea Interaction of Typhoon Sinlaku （2002） Simulated by the Canadian MC2 Model

Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku (2002) over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature (SST)cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of (1/6)°×(1/6)°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25°×0.25°MC2 grid.     

夏季东北亚阻塞高压年际变化的一个物理机制

根据实际观测资料反演获得描述大气环流演变的空间谱函数后,从改进的高截断谱模式途径出发研究了夏季东北亚阻塞高压年际变化的物理机制.结果表明,前期外部热源强迫的空间分布大致为El Nio型分布时,外部热力强迫导致大气环流演变中波波相互作用主要表现为纬向2波的相互作用;波流相互作用主要表现为经向2波和3波与反映基本流中的经向1波的相互作用.这样使得500 hPa高度场上东北亚地区为一相对正异常区,为夏季东北亚阻塞的频繁发生提供了有利的大气环流背景.而前期外部热源强迫大致为La Nia型分布时,外部热力强迫则导致大气环流演变中波波相互作用主要表现为纬向1波的相互作用;波流相互作用主要表现为经向2波和4波与反映基本流中的经向2波的相互作用.从而使得500 hPa高度场上帆北亚地区出现相对负异常,抑制了夏季东北亚阻塞的发生.     

莱州湾东岸陆海相互作用与海岸缓冲区

提出了海岸缓冲区的概念。结合莱州湾东岸晚更新世以来陆海相互作用历史与近期变化,将海岸缓冲区分为古潟湖地貌限制型、开放型和人工海岸型3种基本类型,在横向上划分出3个缓冲带,对海岸缓冲区的结构与功能及缓冲区范围进行了研究。本研究对防范海岸带地质灾害、减轻灾害损失与海岸带资源与环境的可持续发展将起到积极的作用。     

Are Workers Attracted to Social Interaction Opportunities? A Study of Face-to-Face Contact Opportunities by Occupation and Industry

The spatial structure of a region is known to affect the degree of face-to-face interaction opportunities for a city’s residents. These interaction opportunities are important building blocks in aspects of economic production. To date, though, there is scant empirical evidence linking interaction opportunities to worker locations. In this article, using a spatial measure of social interaction potential (SIP), we seek to discover whether, and by how much, opportunities for interaction differ at home and work locations for workers within different industry and occupation groups in U.S. metropolitan areas. Based on the time-geographic concept of joint accessibility, SIP is sensitive to population and employment densities, as well as travel times associated with worker commutes in a region. We compare SIP at the census tract level of geography both within and between Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) nationally and test SIP distributions by occupation and industrial categories using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. The study finds that several categories of higher skill and creative workers live and work in higher SIP areas. These findings provide evidence in support of theories of knowledge creation that rely on spontaneous face-to-face interaction and also indicate the effect of lifestyle preferences in location choices for highly skilled and arts workers.     

A Raman Investigation on the Boron form Occurring in Salt Lake Brine during Evaporation

Boron resources are abundant in the Da Qaidam Salt Lake of the Qaidamu basin in China,which has generated significant attention due to the presence of polyborate species in brine from this lake. In this study,Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the existing form of boron in brine during evaporation. MgO·2 B_2 O_3-H_2 O,MgO·2 B_2 O_3-MgCl_2-H_2 O,and MgO·2 B_2 O_3-MgSO_4~-H_2 O solutions were also studied to determine the influence of boron concentration,pH,and electrolytes on the borate speciation from brine. The mononborates B( OH)_3 and B( OH)_4~-were found to be the only forms present in natural salt lake brine. Brine evaporation promoted the formation of the polyborate anions B_3 O_3( OH)_4~-,B_5 O_6( OH)_4~-,and B_6 O_7( OH)_6~(2-)and also promoted the disappearance of the B( OH)_4~-ion from brine at boron concentrations of more than 11 g/L B_2 O_3. The pentaborate ion B_5 O_6( OH)_4~-was sensitive to the solution pH and appeared only at p H values less than 8. 0. Meanwhile,the hexaborate ion B_6 O_7( OH)_6~(2-)was observed to be more dependent on the electrolyte magnesium chloride due to its special properties,such as promoting boron accumulation,lowering solution pH,and also its strong affinity for water molecules,which were all beneficial for the polymerization of borate ions in brine. Interaction mechanisms between polyborate anions during evaporation are also proposed herein. ake; evaporation; polyborate species; interaction mechanism.     

剧毒卡尔藻与东海原甲藻间的化感作用研究

为研究剧毒卡尔藻(Karlodinium veneficum)与东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)之间的化感作用,在f/2营养盐条件下,分别采用了混合培养及滤液培养的方法。结果表明:剧毒卡尔藻指数生长后期的无藻细胞滤液明显抑制了东海原甲藻的生长,而东海原甲藻滤液对剧毒卡尔藻的生长几乎无影响,化感作用作为重要的影响因素使剧毒卡尔藻获得竞争优势。将剧毒卡尔藻指数生长末期的无藻细胞滤液置于固相萃取(SPE) C18小柱,经吸附、不同比例的甲醇溶液洗脱,考察不同洗脱部分对东海原甲藻生长的影响,发现80%的甲醇洗脱部分明显抑制了东海原甲藻的生长。本研究为了解剧毒卡尔藻的竞争机制提供了重要的科学依据,今后将重点分析剧毒卡尔藻释放的有效抑制东海原甲藻生长的化感物质。     

基于遥感图像的南海北部内孤立波及相互作用研究

本文通过对卫星遥感图像中的内孤立波及相互作用现象进行统计分析,讨论了南海北部内孤立波及相互作用现象的时空分布特征,验证了利用卫星遥感图像反演内孤立波振幅和传播速度以及研究内波相互作用现象的可行性。统计结果表明,南海北部的内孤立波主要集中在东沙群岛以及海南岛南部,内波相互作用主要集中在东沙岛西北部以及海南岛南部。本文对此给出解释:内波传播至东沙岛附近发生绕射,绕射的内波分裂成两列后以不同的传播方向继续向西传播,相遇并发生相互作用;内波在海南岛浅滩处发生反射,与后续传来的内波发生相互作用。同时,本文利用Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)方程和Benjamin-One(BO)方程,结合观测数据,对内波振幅和传播速度进行了反演实验。反演所得的内波振幅和传播速度与南海北部实际内波振幅和传播速度相近。     

Wave-induced seabed response in shallow water

To simulate the wave-induced response of coupled pore fluids and a solid skeleton in shallow water, a set of solutions with different formulations (fully dynamic, partly dynamic, and quasi-static) corresponding to each soil behavior assumption is presented. To deal with Jacobian elliptic functions involved in the cnoidal theory, a Fourier series approximation is adopted for expanding the boundary conditions on the seabed surface. The parametric study indicates the significant effect of nonlinearity for shallow water wave, which also enhances the effect of soil characteristics. The investigation of the applicability of reduced formulations reveals the necessity of a partly or even fully dynamic formulation for the wave-induced seabed response problem in shallow water, especially for thickened seabed. The analysis of liquefaction in the seabed indicates that the maximum depth of liquefaction is shallower, and the width of liquefaction is broader under cnoidal wave loading. The present analytical model can provide more reasonable result for the wave-induced seabed response in the range of shallow water wave.     

Feasible numerical method for analysis of offshore pipeline in installation

Feasible numerical method for a structural analysis of a pipeline configuration during the installation process is presented. The method considers the whole pipeline, which is partially suspended and partially laid-on a seabed, as a single continuous segment, and is valid for a complete range of laying angles between 0°–90°, i.e., valid for both S-lay and J-lay configurations. The method accounts for a pipeline–seabed interaction and the pipeline is modeled by means of nonlinear large deformation beam theory. The numerical solution is carried out in an incremental-iterative manner by following the actual pipeline installation process, and thus allowing efficient treatment of pipeline-seabed interaction circumventing the further complexities with contact detection. At each increment, the length of the pipeline is increased and new sequential equilibrium configuration is assessed by direct minimization of a total potential energy approximated as a Riemann sum, which yields algebraic system of nonlinear finite difference equations that is further solved by iterations with Newton-Raphson technique. The simplicity, flexibility and robustness of the proposed method allow to enhance the efficiency of engineering calculations and design. Accounting for a bending stiffness in a suspended part allows analyzing variations in laying angle and lay tension independently. The method convergence is validated and compared with Abaqus. The results are in an excellent agreement. Moreover, the comparison with Abaqus shows that for the selected parameters the assumption that the pipeline is inextensible and unshearable is very reasonable. Representative parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Parametric study considers the effects of laying angle (0°–90°), lay tension, laying water depth (up to 3000 m) and seabed stiffness.