元古宙蛇绿岩研究现状及其板块构造意义

在回顾元古宙蛇绿岩研究简史的基础上,对元古宙蛇绍岩的时空分布特征,岩石组合类型,变质作用程度,大地构造背景及源区地球化学制约等进行了系统总结,并就元古宙蛇绿岩的板块构造意义作了探讨。     

Methodological aspects of surveying the volume, structure, activities and perceptions of city centre visitors

Counting pedestrians on a street and visitors entering a store is a method used to measure the attractiveness of these places. Their volumes are governed by daily, weekly, monthly and yearly cycles and are subject to random influences. This must be taken into account especially where comparison counts reveal changes. When single streets or stores are counted, it must be ascertained whether this figure is representative of the whole city centre and its retailing. Pedestrian volumes can be used for adjusting interview samples to the distribution in time and space of the city centre visitors. Counts of the qualitative characteristics of the pedestrian with respect to composition of groups reveal that surveys among pedestrians are biased in relation to the size of the group. Special attention in surveys should be given to the linking of activities. Whereas much emphasis is given to the accessibility of the city centre from outside, the ‘inner accessibility’ of the city centre is just as important. Long distances are often walked and many destinations visited. This is best recorded by conducting interviews at public transport stops and car parks. The attractiveness of the city centre depends not only on its physical structures but very much on the subjective perception of them; therefore judgements on accessibility, goods and services offered and the urban ambiance should be recorded. Retailer's attitudes concerning the qualities of the city centre should also be compiled for comparison. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Background of ground penetrating radar measurements

Characterization of the shallow subsurface (0.25 to 10 m) is of growing importance for engineering activities, solutions of environmental problems, and archaeological investigations. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an appropriate technique considering the depth range of interest, the strength of electric and magnetic contrasts between different subsurface layers and buried objects, and the required resolution. GPR surveys can detect subsurface structures by recording electromagnetic reflections from discontinuities. The detectability of objects and the delineation of subsurface structures increases with increasing wave velocity and conductivity differences between the object and its surroundings or between adjacent layers. However, unwanted reflections from objects above the surface influence the images. Shielded antennas can be used to avoid strong reflections from these objects. The data thus obtained are, however, more difficult to interpret. The fundamentals of GPR and two different acquisition setups for a GPR system are discussed. Basic interpretation tools for travel-time and velocity estimation are described, and finally, case studies are presented, followed by conclusions.     

构造变质岩石地层的概念、单位命名系统及研究方法──以辽河岩群为例

在概要地讨论了辽河岩群基本地层学特征基础上,提出了构造变质岩石地层的概念,其含义为经强烈构造变形的中浅变质沉积（含火山沉积）岩系构成的岩石地层单位的一种类型。构造变质岩石地层单位是强变形、中浅变质沉积岩区１∶５万填图的基本填图单位。建议采用岩群、岩组、岩段等地层单位命名系统,强调了变形、变质、沉积综合研究方法。     

A new population of brown dwarfs

In this paper we report the first results from a survey for low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, based on a photographic stack of around 100 Schmidt plates. This survey extends photographic searches by about 2 mag, and covers an area of 25 deg². Some 30 faint objects with large R − I colours were selected for further study, and were found to have very strong molecular absorption in their spectra, but only moderately red infrared colours. Five of these stars were selected for a parallax programme; three of these were found to be at a distance of around 45 pc, implying a very low luminosity. On the basis of their luminosity alone it is clear that these stars are field brown dwarfs, and we discuss their likely evolutionary status in the context of current models of low-mass stellar evolution.     

Interferometer phase calibration sources — II. The region 0° ≤ δB1950≤ +20°

We present a catalogue of 781 compact radio sources in the declination range 0° ≤ δ_B1950≤ +20° whose positions have been measured to an rms accuracy of about 14 mas with the Very Large Array (VLA). These sources are primarily intended for use as phase calibration sources for the Jodrell Bank MERLIN. However, they will also be suitable as phase calibrators for the VLA and can be considered as candidate phase calibrators for very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) networks.     

Testing deprojection algorithms on mock angular catalogues: evidence for a break in the power spectrum

We produce mock angular catalogues from simulations with different initial power spectra to test methods that recover measures of clustering in three dimensions, such as the power spectrum, variance and higher order cumulants. We find that the statistical properties derived from the angular mock catalogues are in good agreement with the intrinsic clustering in the simulations. In particular, we concentrate on the detailed predictions for the shape of the power spectrum, P ( k ). We find that there is good evidence for a break in the galaxy P ( k ) at scales in the range 0.02< k <0.06 h Mpc⁻¹, using an inversion technique applied to the angular correlation function measured from the APM Galaxy Survey. For variants on the standard cold dark matter (CDM) model, a fit at the location of the break implies Ω h =0.45±0.10, where Ω is the ratio of the total matter density to the critical density, and Hubble's constant is parametrized as H ₀=100 h km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹. On slightly smaller, though still quasi-linear scales, there is a feature in the APM power spectrum where the local slope changes appreciably, with the best match to CDM models obtained for Ω h ≃0.2. Hence the location and narrowness of the break in the APM power spectrum combined with the rapid change in its slope on quasi-linear scales cannot be matched by any variant of CDM, including models that have a non-zero cosmological constant or a tilt to the slope of the primordial P ( k ). These results are independent of the overall normalization of the CDM models or any simple bias that exists betwen the galaxy and mass distributions.     

当前欧美海洋科学研究动态评析

重点介绍了当前欧美资助海洋科学研究的基本情况、优先资助领域和重要研究计划等,对欧美当前海洋科学研究的基本特点做了简要分析;并提出了我国下世纪初的海洋科学研究优先发展领域。     

遥感技术在全球环境变化研究中的作用

具有快速、多波段、周期性、大面积覆盖等观测能力的空间遥感技术,是全球环境变化研究中不可替代的重要手段。随着遥感技术在国际上的蓬勃发展,遥感技术在我国全球环境变化研究中也开始得到了广泛的应用。简述了遥感技术在我国土地覆盖、森林与草场、海洋调查与灾害监测方面的应用情况以及所取得的成果。这些研究为遥感技术在全球环境变化研究中的深入应用奠定了基础。     

环境污染调查中磁与电磁测量新技术的应用

探查和监测废弃埋藏物的污染状况是环境灾害调查的重要内容,而采用地球物理探测方法进行调查通常是最为经济、快速有效的。西方发达国家近年应用物探新方法技术在环境灾害监测、废弃埋藏物调查方面取得了很好的效果,为环境保护部门提供了可靠的资料。文中介绍美国最近几年采用高精度磁测和电磁测量进行浅层（埋深小于４ｍ）废弃金属埋藏物、战争遗留物（如炸弹）及化学污染物的调查新方法与新技术。研究结果表明,采用下列方法将有效地增强环境污染源的异常信号,提高物探方法在环境灾害调查中的探测能力：高分辨率的测量仪器,如精度达００１ｎＴ的航空磁力仪,进行数据采集并辅以ＧＰＳ定位;降低飞行高度、加密测网布置精细网格;采用校正和滤波等手段消除噪声干扰,并通过物理模拟和数值反演作出定量解释;航空磁测、电磁测量与地面磁梯度、地质雷达等不同方法配合等。