公路施工中如何开展节能降耗

总结了公路施工节能减排的有效途径,主要包括使用节能机械,加强设备管理与维护;发展温拌沥青技术,推广散装水泥;促进路面沥青、煤矸石和粉煤灰等再生资源的利用。     

Convergence or divergence?: Status and prospects for US climate strategy

The objective of this paper is to assess recent developments and prospects for future changes in United States (US) climate strategy. In doing so, the paper explores some of the key factors that have shaped strategies and policies to date, distinguishing between factors related to institutional and governance structures, linkages between science and policy, energy technology and the role of interest groups. Against this background, the paper attempts to explore future development paths for US climate policy. More specifically, the paper assesses opportunities for policy changes compared to the preferences of the current administration, and the prospects for future linkages between US and international climate change strategies. In brief, the paper argues that substantial changes are unlikely to take place in the near to medium term, leaving open, however, the possibility of wide-ranging changes in domestic politics or major incidents that could facilitate a shift in the perceived need for near-term action.     

Assessment of the Enhanced Geothermal System Resource Base of the United States

This paper describes an assessment of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) resource base of the conterminous United States, using constructed temperature at depth maps. The temperature at depth maps were computed from 3 to 10 km, for every km. The methodology is described. Factors included are sediment thickness, thermal conductivity variations, distribution of the radioactive heat generation and surface temperature based on several geologic models of the upper 10 km of the crust. EGS systems are extended in this paper to include coproduced geothermal energy, and geopressured resources. A table is provided that summarizes the resource base estimates for all components of the EGS geothermal resource. By far, the conduction-dominated components of EGS represent the largest component of the U.S. resource. Nonetheless, the coproduced resources and geopressured resources are large and significant targets for short and intermediate term development. There is a huge resource base between the depths of 3 and 8 km, where the temperature reaches 150–250°C. Even if only 2% of the conventional EGS resource is developed, the energy recovered would be equivalent to roughly 2,500 times the annual consumption of primary energy in the U.S. in 2006. Temperatures above 150°C at those depths are more common in the active tectonic regions of the western conterminous U.S., but are not confined to those areas. In the central and eastern U.S. there are identified areas of moderate size that are of reasonable grade and probably small areas of much higher grade than predicted by this analyses. However because of the regional (the grid size is 5′ × 5′) scale of this study such potentially promising sites remain to be identified. Several possible scenarios for EGS development are discussed. The most promising and least costly may to be developments in abandoned or shut-in oil and gas fields, where the temperatures are high enough. Because thousands of wells are already drilled in those locations, the cost of producing energy from such fields could be significantly lowered. In addition many hydrocarbon fields are producing large amounts of co-produced water, which is necessary for geothermal development. Although sustainability is not addressed in this study, the resource is so large that in at least some scenarios of development the geothermal resource is sustainable for long periods of time.     

Bargaining a net gain compensation agreement between a marine renewable energy developer and a marine protected area manager

When the development of marine renewable energy (MRE) is only possible inside already established marine protected areas (MPAs), and there is a risk of ecosystem loss, environmental or monetary compensation -being the last step in a hierarchy of mitigation measures- might be an option for working out a trade-off between energy production and nature protection. In this article, it is argued that for this type of siting situation, instead of the well-established strategy of no net loss, a net gain should be provided from the MRE developer to the MPA manager, which acts as an incentive for the manager to cooperate and covers future potentially lost conservation benefits due to MRE potential damages. Based on this argument, a hypothetical example is used to demonstrate that a net gain is ensured only when there is a societal surplus from a combined MRE-MPA arrangement that can be divided between the players through bargaining. However, when asymmetric information is involved, it is shown that cooperative solution concepts are more sufficient for leaving both players better off after coexistence than before.     

多种可再生能源在英国家庭的应用优化控制研究（英文）

本研究的目的是为英国当地家庭找到一种最经济和投资成本最低的分布式供电系统,设计的供电系统包括风力发电、太阳能发电、生物质发电机和电池。本次研究负载数据来自威尔士一户普通家庭一年的真实用电数据,风力和太阳能资源数据也基于负载所在地的气候真实数据。通过仿真得出:本次研究所选家庭供电的最优方系统由风能、生物质发电机和电池的组合,其最低净现成本为6.254万美元,每度电成本为0.548美元。通过本次研究可知,由于英国威尔士地区丰富的风力资源,风力是最值得开发利用的可再生能源。     

中国再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调分析

采用熵权TOPSIS、耦合协调度和响应度模型等方法,分析2000—2016年再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合关系演化特征。发现：① 2000年以来中国再生性资源型城市创新能力和工业转型整体上呈提高趋势,但工业系统脆弱性依然较强,创新能力也较弱。② 再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调度水平较低但有提高之势,东、中部再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调状态不断改善,而西部、东北则处于失调状态;非金属、金属、能源、综合4类城市二者耦合协调性呈增强趋势,森工城市失调性加剧;大、中型再生性资源型城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调水平改善明显,小城市创新能力与工业转型耦合协调协调性较低且持续减弱。③ 创新能力对再生性资源型城市工业转型有正向促进作用,但近年来呈减弱之势。不同类型再生性资源型城市工业转型对创新能力变化的响应程度各异。     

1979—2018年西藏自治区气候与冰川冻土变化及其对可再生能源的潜在影响

作为全球气候变化敏感区和生态脆弱区,西藏地区拥有丰富的可再生能源。本研究基于多源数据产品（地基和遥感观测）分析了近40 a（1979-2018年）西藏自治区气候和冰川冻土的变化状况及它们对可再生能源的潜在影响。结果表明：1）1979-2018年间藏北高原暖湿化,藏南暖干化。全区站点平均升温速率高达0.54℃·（10 a）^-1;藏南降水略有减少而藏北降水增加;2）日照时数和风速普遍显著下降,但风速在2002年左右停止下降,2010年以后有所回升;3）在快速升温下,西藏地区冰川快速退缩,其中以藏东南地区和念青唐古拉山的退缩幅度最大,冰川最大减薄速率可达8.0 m·（10 a）^-1;多年冻土所占面积约43%,但稳定性较弱,退化严重。冰川退缩和冻土退化在短期内对河流径流有所贡献。因此,过去40 a西藏太阳能和风能减少,水能因冰川冻土变化的贡献有所增加,但预测水能的未来变化比较困难。     

Towards best environmental practice for cetacean conservation in developing Scotland's marine renewable energy

Marine renewable energy is seen as an important component of the UK's future energy strategy and contribution to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change. The UK aims to generate a total of 33 GW (gigawatts) of offshore wind energy. Its implementation strategy includes the development of ten offshore wind farms within Scottish territorial waters. In addition, between 1000 MW (megawatts) and 2600 MW of marine renewable energy generating capacity could be achieved in Scotland using wave and tidal power devices. However, there are negative environmental impacts associated with marine renewable energy. Intense noise is produced during pile driving, drilling and dredging operations with potential consequences for cetaceans. There are also increases in vessel activities during exploration, maintenance and construction with association risks of disturbance and collisions. Some underwater devices will be large and may be positioned in arrays across the habitats that cetaceans frequent. The consequences of encounters between cetaceans and such devices are as yet unknown. It is recommended that the Scottish Government complete full and transparent Marine Spatial Planning, including consideration of cumulative impacts, before moving to license appropriate sites.     

微藻制氢的研究进展

化石能源的不可再生性和使用过程中造成的环境污染使开发新能源变得非常迫切。氢是理想的能源,因此,利用微藻制氢具有诱人前景。本文综述了微藻光合制氢技术的研究历史、固氮酶和可逆产氢酶的产氢机制及研究进展;介绍了基于微藻的硫缺乏生理调控而发展起来的一步法与两步法光解制氢的方式;指出了利用微藻可逆产氢酶两步法间接光水解制氢最具开发潜力;分析了实现微藻光合制氢的限制因子和存在的问题;归纳了今后的主要研究方向。     

城乡一体,共建生态文明——北京周边地区的碧水、蓝天、绿化工程

为落实绿色奥运的承诺,北京市与京津冀周边地区,以及内蒙古自治区、山西、山东等省(区),通力合作,城乡一体,调整产业结构及布局。推行资源节约、节能减排,优化环境,加强了保障能源、水源的基础设施;采取防尘、防沙、净化大气质量的工程措施。生态修复,成效显著。