国道314线焉耆盆地段高速公路遥感选线应用研究

卫星遥感技术应用在公路选线中，具有常规方法无可比拟的优势。在国道314线焉耆盆地段高速公路前期选线研究中，以Landsat-5 TM457数字图象为主要信息源，通过数据处理和遥感判释并综合分析常规资料，对恶煮盆地段第四纪堆积平原土体工程地质区进一步划分亚区，探讨分析了不良地质现象分布规律、形态背景及发展演化趋势，在此基础上比较各设计线路之优缺点,并提出科学合理的建议线路方案。     

泉州台763长周期地震仪的震相记录特征

76 3长周期地震仪 1 997年起取代基式仪 ,承担我国一类合网对国内外地震的监测和对外观测资料交换任务。本文介绍了我台 76 3长周期地震仪的震相记录特征 ,有利于台站对震相的分析 ,提高对外资料交换和大震速报水平。     

焉耆盆地段高速遥感选线应用研究

卫星遥感技术应用在公路选线中，具有常规方法无可比拟的优势，在国道314线焉耆盆地段高速公路前期选线研究中，以Landsat-5TM457数字图象为主要信息源，通过数据处理和遥感判择并综合分析常规资料，对焉耆盆地经四纪堆积平原土体工程地质区进一步划分亚区，探讨分析了不良地质现象分布规律，形成背景及发展演经趋势，在此基础上比较各设计线路之划分亚区，探讨分析了不良地质现象分布规律，形成背景及发展演化趋势，在此基础上比较各设计线路之优，并提出了科学合理的建议线路方案。     

遥感技术在水资源勘察中的应用

应用遥感技术为珲春矿区第二水源地提供了古河床的位置，为大雁矿务局三矿确定了希罗沟、胜利沟富水带以及金宝屯矿区水源地的资料。     

遥感在新疆淖毛湖戈壁找矿中的应用

根据不同地质体在不同波段上的光谱特征，选择不同波段的TM数据进行假彩色合成，主成分分析，匹配滤波及多种处理方法，对淖毛湖戈壁琼河坝地区的线环构造特征，赋矿岩层，矿化蚀变等示矿要素进行增强处理和特征提取，取得较好效果，为在戈壁地区快速追踪找矿信息，指导成矿预测提供了重要的基本资料。     

加强地震监测预报工作应密切关注的几个问题

目的，科技进步和社会发展对防震减灾部门提出了更高的工作目标和要求。在未来的一段时期内，一方面需要把地震预报工作从经验基础预报向完善的物理模型推进，另一方面要切实加强地震台网的优化工作，保证研究工作的顺利开展。纵观当前的政治经济形势和地震科学研究现状，文章提出了在“十五”期间应特别关注的几个问题：①正确处理“继承和发展”的关系，努力造就跨世纪的监测预报人才；②监测台网优化和监测技术的发展必须重视预报对监测技术的需求；③分析预报工作的基础建设对提高预报工作质量的作用不容忽视。     

Evolution of accelerographs, data processing, strong motion arrays and amplitude and spatial resolution in recording strong earthquake motion

This paper presents a review of the advances in strong motion recording since the early 1930s, based mostly on the experiences in the United States. A particular emphasis is placed on the amplitude and spatial resolution of recording, which both must be ‘adequate’ to capture the nature of strong earthquake ground motion and response of structures. The first strong motion accelerographs had optical recording system, dynamic range of about 50 dB and useful life longer than 30 years. Digital strong motion accelerographs started to become available in the late 1970s. Their dynamic range has been increasing progressively, and at present is about 135 dB. Most models have had useful life shorter than 5–10 years. One benefit from a high dynamic range is early trigger and anticipated ability to compute permanent displacements. Another benefit is higher sensitivity and hence a possibility to record smaller amplitude motions (aftershocks, smaller local earthquakes and distant large earthquakes), which would augment significantly the strong motion databases. The present trend of upgrading existing and adding new stations with high dynamic range accelerographs has lead to deployment of relatively small number of new stations (the new high dynamic range digital instruments are 2–3 times more expensive than the old analog instruments or new digital instruments with dynamic range of 60 dB or less). Consequently, the spatial resolution of recording, both of ground motion and structural response, has increased only slowly during the past 20 years, by at most a factor of two. A major (and necessary) future increase in the spatial resolution of recording will require orders of magnitude larger funding, for purchase of new instruments, their maintenance, and for data retrieval, processing, management and dissemination. This will become possible only with an order of magnitude cheaper and ‘maintenance-free’ strong motion accelerographs. In view of the rapid growth of computer technology this does not seem to be (and should not be) out of our reach.     

Magmatic gas scrubbing: implications for volcano monitoring

Despite the abundance of SO_2(g) in magmatic gases, precursory increases in magmatic SO_2(g) are not always observed prior to volcanic eruption, probably because many terrestrial volcanoes contain abundant groundwater or surface water that scrubs magmatic gases until a dry pathway to the atmosphere is established. To better understand scrubbing and its implications for volcano monitoring, we model thermochemically the reaction of magmatic gases with water. First, we inject a 915°C magmatic gas from Merapi volcano into 25°C air-saturated water (ASW) over a wide range of gas/water mass ratios from 0.0002 to 100 and at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa. Then we model closed-system cooling of the magmatic gas, magmatic gas-ASW mixing at 5.0 MPa, runs with varied temperature and composition of the ASW, a case with a wide range of magmatic–gas compositions, and a reaction of a magmatic gas–ASW mixture with rock. The modeling predicts gas and water compositions, and, in one case, alteration assemblages for a wide range of scrubbing conditions; these results can be compared directly with samples from degassing volcanoes. The modeling suggests that CO_2(g) is the main species to monitor when scrubbing exists; another candidate is H₂S_(g), but it can be affected by reactions with aqueous ferrous iron. In contrast, scrubbing by water will prevent significant SO_2(g) and most HCl_(g) emissions until dry pathways are established, except for moderate HCl_(g) degassing from pH<0.5 hydrothermal waters. Furthermore, it appears that scrubbing will prevent much, if any, SO_2(g) degassing from long-resident boiling hydrothermal systems. Several processes can also decrease or increase H_2(g) emissions during scrubbing making H_2(g) a poor choice to detect changes in magma degassing.We applied the model results to interpret field observations and emission rate data from four eruptions: (1) Crater Peak on Mount Spurr (1992) where, except for a short post-eruptive period, scrubbing appears to have drastically diminished pre-, inter-, and post-eruptive SO_2(g) emissions, but had much less impact on CO_2(g) emissions. (2) Mount St. Helens where scrubbing of SO_2(g) was important prior to and three weeks after the 18 May 1980 eruption. Scrubbing was also active during a period of unrest in the summer of 1998. (3) Mount Pinatubo where early drying out prevented SO_2(g) scrubbing before the climactic 15 June 1991 eruption. (4) The ongoing eruption at Popocatépetl in an arid region of Mexico where there is little evidence of scrubbing.In most eruptive cycles, the impact of scrubbing will be greater during pre- and post-eruptive periods than during the main eruptive and intense passive degassing stages. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the following gases: CO_2(g) and H₂S_(g) in precursory stages; CO_2(g), H₂S_(g), SO_2(g), HCl_(g), and HF_(g) in eruptive and intense passive degassing stages; and CO_2(g) and H₂S_(g) again in the declining stages. CO_2(g) is clearly the main candidate for early emission rate monitoring, although significant early increases in the intensity and geographic distribution of H₂S_(g) emissions should be taken as an important sign of volcanic unrest and a potential precursor. Owing to the difficulty of extracting SO_2(g) from hydrothermal waters, the emergence of >100 t/d (tons per day) of SO_2(g) in addition to CO_2(g) and H₂S_(g) should be taken as a criterion of magma intrusion. Finally, the modeling suggests that the interpretation of gas-ratio data requires a case-by-case evaluation since ratio changes can often be produced by several mechanisms; nevertheless, several gas ratios may provide useful indices for monitoring the drying out of gas pathways.     

Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

浑江市幅区域化探异常遥感评价筛选研究

本文介绍了根据国家计委和地矿部的要求,应用遥感地质方法,即主要通过航卫片解译,结合本区已有地质矿产分布和物化探资料的综合分析,对吉林省浑江市幅区域化探异常进行遥感评价、筛选研究的概况。文中主要阐述了区内金、多金属矿成矿地质特征,论述了断裂构造和环状构造与金、多金属矿及化探异常的关系,简介了区域化探异常遥感评价筛选和野外验证结果以及圈定的若干找矿靶区的情况。