Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation based on corrected TRMM data around the Hexi Corridor, China

Accurate rainfall distribution is difficult to acquire based on limited meteorological stations, especially in remote areas like high mountains and deserts. The Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions （including the Qilian Mountains and the Alxa Plateau） are typical districts where there are only 30 available rain gauges. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） data provide a possible solution. After precision analysis of monthly 0.25 degree resolution TRMM 3B43 data from 1998 to 2012, we find that the correlations between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge precipitation are significant overall and in each station around the Hexi Corridor; however, the biases of annual precipitation differ in different stations and are seriously overestimated in most of the sites. Thus, Inverse Distance Weighting （IDW） interpolation method was used to rectify TRMM data based on the difference between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge observations. The results show that rectified TRMM data present more details than rain gauges in remote areas where there are few stations, alt- hough they show high coherence of distribution. Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest on an annual and seasonal scale. There are three rainfall centers （〉500 mm） including Menyuan, Qilian and Toson Lake, and two low rain- fall centers （〈50 mm） including Dunhuang and Ejin Banner. Meanwhile, precipitation in most of the study area presents an increasing trend; especially in northern Qilian Mountains （〉5 mm/a）, Badain Jaran Desert （〉2 mm/a）, Toson Lake （〉20 mm/a） and Qingtu Lake （〉20 ram/a） which shows a significant increasing trend, while precipitation in Hala Lake （〈-2 mm/a） and Tengger Desert （〈-3 mm/a） demonstrates a decreasing trend.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定和半固定沙漠，其间广泛发育着以地衣植物为主的生物结皮，是除种子植物以外的固定沙面的重要生物因子。研究表明，选择适当的时段，应用遥感技术并结合地面调查来研究沙漠生物结皮的空间分布格局是可行的，遥感制图与地面调查的结果基本一致。该沙漠南部是生物结皮最为丰富的区域，各种类型的生物结皮均有充分发育，呈连续分布，但其分布模式向北、向西和向东变得破碎。通过统计生物结皮像元的面积，得到生物结皮覆盖率超过33％的像元面积占研究区总面积的28．7％。生物结皮的分布对地貌部位有较强的选择性，生物结皮的不同发育阶段种类组成亦有较大的差别。     

1208-1369年陕甘宁交界地区干湿变化

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought (F/D) index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan’anlu in the Yuan Dynasty) was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208–1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. (1) 1208–1240: drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. (2) 1240–1320: long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. (3) 1320–1369: drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic changes might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.     

遥感影像变化检测自适应阈值分割的Kriging方法

提出了一种基于空间统计理论的自适应阈值分割方法,用于多时相高分辨率遥感影像变化检测研究。针对未确定类别的目标像素点,分别以局部区域内的变化类和非变化类为样本点,将目标点的实际值和估计值进行比较,以确定目标点的类别。为验证本方法的优越性和自适应性,分别与系列传统阈值分割方法进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,本方法能够有效去除伪变化信息,减少目标的错判、误判率,提高检测精度。     

中国生态交错带（英文）

生态交错带（Ecotone）是指两个群落或两类生态系统之间的过度带,具有脆弱、敏感和易变等特性。20世纪70年代以来,在典型生态系统研究的基础上,生态交错带逐步成为生态学研究的重点。中国地域广阔,地质、气候、植被等生态类型复杂多变,蕴育了不同类型、不同尺度和不同规模的多种生态交错带,不仅为科学研究奠定了广阔空间,而且对我国经济、社会发展,以及文化多样性保护具有重要支撑作用。本文根据我国大尺度下生态交错带的地理分布及其生态环境特点,构建了以土地利用类型、自然气候特征和农业经济发展＂三位一体＂指标体系,并以此为依据对中国典型生态交错带进行了划分和空间分布范围的界定;在此基础上,分别对北方森林草原交错带、北方农牧交错带、西北荒漠绿洲交错带、西南川滇农林牧交错带和东部海陆交错带的动态变化、基本特征和存在问题进行了研究,对全面认识我国生态交错带自然演变规律,促进区域生态环境保护和优化经济发展具有重要意义。     

柽柳灌丛沙堆及丘间地蚀积分布随背景植被变化的风洞实验

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙漠-绿洲过渡带广泛分布的柽柳灌丛沙堆及丘间地植物为原型,依据风沙运动相似理论,制作背景植被盖度依次为0%、4%、10%、16%和26%五组灌丛沙堆模型,在风洞中进行蚀积变化规律模拟实验。结果表明：柽柳灌丛沙堆及丘间地蚀积分布可划分为6个区域,依次为沙堆前积沙区、沙堆迎风坡风蚀区、沙堆两侧风蚀区、沙堆背风侧涡流积沙区、沙堆后尾流积沙区和不受沙堆影响区。随着指示风速增大,沙堆前积沙区和尾流积沙区范围缩小而沙堆两侧风蚀区面积明显增大。随着背景植被盖度的增大,沙堆前积沙区和尾流积沙区范围增大而沙堆两侧风蚀区范围明显减小。灌丛沙堆及丘间地整体风蚀面积比、风蚀率、各分区蚀积强度均呈指数规律递减。背景植被盖度为0%时,灌丛沙堆影响区风蚀率明显高于不受沙堆影响区,说明裸露地表条件下灌丛沙堆的存在会加剧地表风蚀;当背景植被盖度为4%~16%时,灌丛沙堆影响区风蚀率均低于不受沙堆影响区,可见丘间地植被存在可使灌丛沙堆起到一定的防风阻沙作用。当背景植被盖度>16%时,柽柳灌丛沙堆及丘间地整体蚀积强度和风蚀率变化趋于平稳。据此认为维持不低于16%的背景植被覆盖,是沙漠-绿洲过渡带柽柳灌丛沙堆科学保育的关键。     

贵州乌蒙山区资源相对承载力的时空动态变化

贵州乌蒙山区是国家划定的18片贫困区之一,随着人口增长和社会经济发展的加速,山区人地资源矛盾日趋突出,已严重阻碍了乌蒙山区社会经济的可持续发展。运用并改进了相对资源承载力的研究思路和计算方法,研究了1995~2006年贵州乌蒙山区自然资源、经济资源、生活水平的相对承载力和综合承载力的时空动态变化过程。对于认清和把握乌蒙山区资源承载力变化规律,完善山区资源环境承载力研究成果具有重要指导意义。研究表明:贵州乌蒙山区人口严重超载,而承载人口的主要资源为土地资源,经济资源和生活水平承载力偏低;相对资源承载力空间差异显著,绝大多数县域综合承载力均处于超载状态。     

干旱区大尺度土壤盐度信息环境建模——以新疆天山南北中低海拔冲积平原为例

区域空间信息有助于决策者针对特定潜在和既定的土壤盐渍化区域制定改良和优化政策,以避免灌区水土资源的不合理配置和干旱区土地生态系统持续性退化。然而现存区域尺度土壤盐度数据以矢量方式留存,多边形内部土壤属性无空间变异性,缺乏实时更新,对当下实际指导作用具有一定的局限性。随着人类活动的加剧,土壤及其结构性退化正加速危害土壤质量和健康。对此,急需更新或升级,用于刻画干旱区生态系统中土壤盐度数据,以辅助制定相关政策,减缓土壤盐渍化的危害。针对此问题,本文基于代表性等级的采样设计方法（Integrative Hierarchical Sampling Strategy, IHSS）,获取少量典型样点,结合土壤—环境推理模型（soil land inference model, SoLIM）,尝试推理区域尺度土壤盐分含量信息。研究以新疆天山南北中低海拔冲积平原为案例,仅以23个代表性样本,推理陆表（0~10 cm）土壤盐分含量,源自3个典型绿洲94个野外样本的验证数据显示,依据评判标准,预测结果与实际情况较为相符,与线性回归模型相比,具备处理土壤与环境变量之间非线性关系的SoLIM,推理精度更高。所以,研究认为模糊隶属度加权平均的方法（IHSS-SoLIM）可以通过较小的建模点得到更好的预测效果,可作为区域尺度土壤盐度推理的备选方案。     

Stochastic wobble of accretion discs and jets from turbulent rocket torques

Models of accretion discs and their associated outflows often incorporate assumptions of axisymmetry and symmetry across the disc plane. However, for turbulent discs these symmetries only apply to averaged quantities and do not apply locally. The local asymmetries can induce local imbalances in outflow power across the disc mid-plane, which can in turn induce local tilting torques. Here we calculate the effect of the resulting stochastic torques on disc annuli that are a consequence of standard mean field accretion disc models. The torques induce a random walk of the vector perpendicular to the plane of each averaged annulus. This random walk is characterized by a radially dependent diffusion coefficient which we calculate for small angle tilt. We use the coefficient to calculate a radially dependent time-scale for annular tilt and associated jet wobble. The wobble time depends on the square of the wander angle so the age of a given system determines the maximum wobble angle. We apply this to examples of blazars, young stellar objects and binary engines of pre-planetary nebulae and microquasars. It is noteworthy that for an averaging time   t _w∼ 3 d  , we estimate a wobble angle for jets in SS 433 of  θ∼ 0.8°  , not inconsistent with observational data. In general the non-periodic nature of the stochastic wobble could distinguish it from faster periodic jet precession.     

Land use and land cover change in Liaocheng Prefecture of China

1 Introduction1.1 Introduction to Liaocheng PrefectureLiaocheng Prefecture lies in northwest of Shandong Province and slightly north to the center of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain with latitudes between 35(47'N and 37(02'N and longitudes between 115(16'E and 116(32'E. Administratively, it consists of two cities (Liaocheng and Linqing) and six counties (Yanggu, Shenxian, Chiping, Dong'e, Guanxian and Gaotang). It covers a total area of 8590 km2 with a maximum distance of 114 km from eas…