Statistical techniques for the classification of chromites in diamond exploration samples

A database of 1267 quality-screened major- and trace-element analyses of chromites (s.l.) from kimberlites, lamproites, ultramafic lamprophyres (UMLs) and crustal sources (‘greenstones’, including ophiolites, gabbros, basalts and komatiites) has been subjected to statistical analysis, in order to derive discriminants for use in diamond exploration. The techniques used included nearest-neighbour analysis, CART (classification and regression trees) and MARS (multivariate adaptive regression splines). The results show that both CART and MARS approaches can correctly discriminate kimberlite/lamproite chromites from UML/‘greenstone’ chromites at levels near 90%. Discrimination into the four classes separately is achieved at levels of ca. 80% by MARS and > 70% by CART; much of the misclassification is between the kimberlite and lamproite classes. These results probably represent the maximum probable level of discrimination on chemical criteria, given that ascending magmas may sample both mantle and crustal rocks. The CART approach produces a classification tree that requires no further computation to classify a given grain; the MARS approach requires the use of a simple software package. Tests on known samples illustrate the high level of accuracy of the methods in an exploration context, as well as the useful petrogenetic conclusions that can be drawn from some ‘misclassifications’.     

Geochemical and radioactivity mapping in Poland

In 1990 the Polish Geological Institute initiated geochemical mapping of the country aimed at determining the actual conditions of chemistry in the Earth's surficial environments (soils, water sediments, and surficial waters as well) and sea-floor deposits in the Polish economic sector of the Baltic Sea. The geochemical mapping on different scales covered the entire area of the country and selected more important urban agglomerations and industrial districts. Approximately 15,100 samples of soils, 16,200 samples of fresh water sediments, 14,600 samples of surface waters and 467 samples of marine deposits were collected and analysed. A list of geochemical atlases published by the Polish Geological Institute is presented. Investigation of the distribution of radionuclides (natural and artificial) has been done since 1992. Concentrations of U, Th, K, post-Chernobyl Cs and γ dose rate were measured. Approximately 20,000 points covering the whole country were measured. More detailed mappings were executed in the areas polluted by Cs.     

胶南新元古代花岗片麻岩中淡色脉体的锆石年代学和稀土元素研究

苏鲁造山带中出露了大面积的新元古代花岗片麻岩,这些花岗片麻岩中赋存规模不等、形态各异的变质岩包体,已有资料表明它们均受到印支期高压─超高压变质作用的强烈影响。在花岗片麻岩及包体中经常可见以白色为主的长英质淡色脉体,脉体通常较窄,宽度多在1厘米以内,少数可达几个厘米,它们一般随片麻理方向延展,亦可见切穿片麻理的淡色脉,通常认为这类淡色脉体是母岩部分熔融的产物。作者等对出露于山东诸城市石河头乡新元古代花岗片麻岩中淡色脉体的锆石年代学及地球化学进行了探索性研究,取得了宝贵的地质信息。研究结果表明,淡色脉体中锆石SHRIMP法U Pb年龄为(147.6±2.5)Ma,同时锆石具有高铀、极低钍和重稀土富集等特征。文中在简略介绍地质背景的基础上,着重对淡色脉体中锆石的特征、锆石微区年龄和REE测定结果的地质意义进行了讨论。     

长江口外缺氧区沉积物中氧化还原敏感性元素的"粒控效应"

对长江口外缺氧区及其邻近海域表层沉积物和沉积物岩芯样品的粒度和元素（主要包括氧化还原敏感性元素简称RSE,和典型陆源碎屑元素）进行了分析,并对元素的“粒控效应”进行了深入研究.结果表明,在近岸底层水溶解氧浓度正常海区沉积物中,元素（包括典型陆源碎屑元素和RSE）的分布显示出明显的“粒控效应”,在缺氧区沉积物中,RSE与粒度之间的相关性较差,其分布不受“粒控效应”的制约,而主要受氧化还原环境的影响.另外缺氧区缺氧程度的不同会导致不同的RSE的富集.     

灾害性天气实况智能警示系统

介绍了江苏省灾害性天气实况警示系统,该系统对9210系统下发的全省重要天气实况报文解码入库、分析处理,以声音、图像、短信、电子邮件等多种方式进行智能报警,通过图形处理终端进行实时显示。这种灾害性天气实况的网络联防和智能报警功能,为预报员及时监测灾害性天气的发生发展、进行联防和开展准确及时的预报服务提供了重要的实时信息。     

河北省中南部一次大雾天气过程分析

对2003年11月河北省中南部大雾天气进行了分析,结果表明与稳定度有关的物理量场的变化不仅是强对流等灾害性天气的预报指标,对大雾天气也有一定的指示意义：雾是在稳定的大气层结下出现的天气现象,根据大气稳定层结的状况及变化,可以判断大雾天气的有无及其生消时间。另外,前期湿度条件的积累也是影响大雾生成的主要原因。     

冲绳海槽中部沉积物物质来源和沉积环境分析

本文基于AMS14C高精度测年,通过对柱状沉积物HOBAB2-S2的粒度、微量元素和稀土元素的分析,对冲绳海槽中部区5 300 a以来的物质来源和沉积环境进行了研究。通过对该孔的稀土元素与微量元素的研究发现研究区沉积物质具有陆源属性,并且通过不同物源区沉积物的稀土元素散点图表明5 300 a以来沉积物主要来自于台湾。文中将粒度特征作为研究区域沉积环境,尤其是水动力（黑潮）强弱的指示参数,根据粒度变化曲线,可将沉积过程分为4个阶段:第一阶段（5.30~3.81 ka BP）,粒径由粗变细,黑潮强度逐渐减小;第二阶段（3.81~2.70 ka BP）,粒径波动较大,无明显增大或减小趋势,表明沉积环境处于相对波动状态,水动力强弱不稳定;第三阶段（2.70~0.97 ka BP）,粒径变化较小,表明沉积环境处于相对稳定状态,研究区的水动力条件较稳定;第四阶段（从0.97 ka BP至今）,粒径逐渐变粗,水动力条件增强。     

The Paleogene vegetation and petroleum system in the tropics: A biomarker approach

The present study investigates the biomarker signatures of sediments and crude oils to infer the paleovegetation from the two petroleum systems of Assam Basin, eastern India. They are classified as the Paleocene-middle Eocene and the middle Eocene-Oligocene petroleum systems. The sediments are oil and gas prone with an early catagenetic stage of thermal evolution. Here we report tricyclic diterpanes such as rimuane, pimarane, rosane and isopimarane along with tetracyclic diterpanes: ent-beyerane, phyllocladane, kaurane from Paleocene-Eocene coal-bearing sediments and crude oils. These diterpane biomarkers attest dominant contribution from conifers, possibly from Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. However, diterpanes are not detected in Oligocene sediments and oils. Crude oils from both Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene reservoirs and organic rich sediments contain angiosperm biomarkers such oleanane and related triterpanes along with bicadinane, a biomarker specific for the Dipterocarpaceae family of angiosperms. The equatorial position of India during early Paleogene along with the presence of angiosperm signatures including Dipterocarpaceae and gymnosperms reflect the emergence of tropical rainforest elements in eastern India. Absence of diterpenoids in Oligocene samples and difference in angiosperm parameters from Paleocene-Eocene samples suggests a change in source vegetation and organofacies.     

NOBIAS PA1螯合树脂富集——ICP-MS定量测定近海水体中的稀土元素

稀土元素是海洋中一类极为重要的地球化学过程的示踪剂,但因其浓度多在pmol/kg数量级,分析测试一直是难点,为了使稀土元素在海洋研究中得到更广泛的应用,必须对海洋中低浓度的稀土元素进行准确测量。本研究建立了NOBIAS PA1螯合树脂富集—ICP-MS法,可以对近海的小体积水样中的稀土元素进行高准确度、高精密度分析。研究表明,调节样品溶液pH为4.59~4.69、清洗溶液为6 mL 0.05 mol/L NH_4AC、洗脱溶液为2 mL 1 mol/L HNO_3时,实验测试条件为最优。本方法对稀土元素的回收率在94%~106%,检出限范围为0.001~0.424 pmol/kg,分析精密度优于5%(n=5)。本研究所建立的方法,可用于河水、海水与河口盐度梯度区稀土元素的分析。     

离线固相萃取螯合富集分离-ICP-MS测定海水中的稀土元素

通过测定条件优化、方法比对等实验建立了一种固相萃取小柱离线螯合富集分离电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定海水中稀土元素的方法。海水样品通过调节p H后,进入VAC ELUT SPS24 Agilent圆形固相萃取装置,其主要基体物质的去除率高于97%;萃取富集的优化条件是海水样品p H 4.0~7.0,海水进入萃取柱速率2 m L/min,硝酸洗脱液浓度为1 mol/L;方法对稀土元素的加标回收率为83%~108%,14种稀土元素的检出限为0.057~0.613 ng/L,RSD10%;该方法与氢氧化铁共沉淀法富集稀土元素比对测定结果一致,方法具有准确度与精密度高、操作简便快速等优点,可用于海水样品中稀土元素的定量精确测量。