多时相MODIS影像水田信息提取研究

水稻种植及其分布信息是土地覆被变化、作物估产、甲烷排放、粮食安全和水资源管理分析的重要数据源。基于遥感的水田利用监测中,通常采用时序NDVI植被指数法和影像分类法分别进行AVHRR和TM影像的水田信息获取。针对8天合成MODIS陆地表面反射比数据的特点和水稻生长特征,选取水稻种植前的休耕期、秧苗移植期、秧苗生长期和成熟期等多时相MODIS地表反射率影像数据,通过归一化植被指数、增强植被指数及利用对土壤湿度和植被水分含量较敏感的短波红外波段计算得到的陆表水指数进行水田信息获取。将提取结果与基于ETM＋影像的国土资源调查水田数据,通过网格化计算处理并进行对比分析,结果表明,利用MODIS影像的8天合成地表反射率数据,进行区域甚至全国的水田利用监测是可行的。     

叶片辐射等效水厚度计算与叶片水分定量反演研究

在分析叶片水分对叶片反射率光谱影响的基础上,结合叶片内部水、干物质、叶绿素等光谱吸收系数曲线特征,分析了975nm波长水气吸收特征处叶片与光线相互作用原理,并利用Beer定律和945nm,975nm波长光谱反射率差值,推导了975nm波长辐射等效水厚度REWT的计算公式。由于表面反射、杂散射光、非均匀介质和叶片内部多次散射等因素,光在叶片内部的辐射传输不能直接用Beer定律描述,且利用Beer定律计算的REWT与叶片等效水水厚度EWT之间会有较大的偏差。论文设计和获取了多植物、不同水分梯度的叶片光谱获取试验数据,整理和分析了欧盟Lopex93数据,利用这两组独立数据和论文提出的REWT计算公式,比对验证了975nm波长叶片REWT和叶片EWT的统计模型,结果表明：由于光在叶片内部的多次散射,REWT是EWT的3.3倍左右。论文研究结果一方面为叶片EWT定量遥感探测提供了一种快速、简单且有较强通用性的计算方法和模型,另一方面,探测叶片REWT和EWT的定量关系,有助于了解叶片内部的光辐射传输情况,特别是间接了解近红外波段叶片内部的多次散射情况。     

结构函数法反演气溶胶光学厚度中像元的间隔设置

结构函数法气溶胶光学厚度反演精度受像元间隔设置影响很大,且并非所有像元都能获得较好的反演结果,因而研究像元间隔的设置能够提高反演精度,研究反演误差小的像元能够提高算法效率。为了获得最佳的像元间隔设置,本文以胶州湾地区为例,利用250 m和500 m两种分辨率数据计算了不同像元间隔时的结构函数值,分别利用单一像元间隔法、均值法、坡高法以及线性区域均值法获得待反演像元最终的结构函数值反演550 nm处的气溶胶光学厚度,并依据CE318观测数据进行精度验证,通过分析点对点反演结果和光学厚度的空间分布,确定反演误差小、受分辨率影响小的像元间隔设置。实验发现线性区域均值法在一定程度上提高了反演精度和稳定性。此外,通过对反演结果可接受像元的地表反射率结构函数值的统计和分析,发现500 m分辨率时可接受像元比例优于250 m,当地表反射率结构函数值大于0.02时反演结果较好,而这些像元往往分布在山麓、山涧、海岸线、河流、城乡结合部等地理要素的突然改变的地区。     

塔东地区下古生界烃源岩热演化及有利生烃区分析

塔东地区寒武系—中下奥陶统烃源岩为海相Ⅰ类腐泥型,其热演化程度很高,基本处在高过成熟阶段,历史过程中有过很大的油气贡献.综合前人研究将本区古地温演化划分为两个大区5个阶段.同时对固体沥青求得等效镜质体反射率,利用镜质体反射率反演及BasinMod软件,来恢复各关键历史时期的成熟度,重塑整个热演化过程,划分出3种成熟演化类型.据干酪根生气理论和“接力生气”来划定塔东地区有利生烃区范围.     

镜质体反射率法在南堡凹陷东营组剥蚀厚度恢复中的应用

利用镜质体反射率趋势线法对南堡凹陷高柳地区、柳赞构造带、林雀次凹、柳南次凹等地区的地层剥蚀厚度进行了恢复;结合泥岩声波时差法和地层对比法,恢复了南堡凹陷东营组地层剥蚀厚度.认为利用镜质体反射率法来求取剥蚀厚度的前提是选取合适的Ro数据.当缺乏足够的单井Ro数据时,位于同一构造单元内、具有相同埋藏史的不同井的Ro位数据可以整合利用以恢复剥蚀厚度.作出了研究区地层剥蚀厚度等值线图,南堡凹陷东营组的剥蚀强度大致可分为两个区:东北部为强剥蚀区、中部为弱剥蚀区.     

A coupled atmospheric and topographic correction algorithm for remotely sensed satellite imagery over mountainous terrain

Radiometric correction is an important issue in the quantitative remote-sensing community. By integrating dark object subtraction (DOS)-based atmospheric correction with physics-based topographic correction, a coupled land surface reflectance retrieval algorithm (coupled atmospheric and topographic correction algorithm, named the CAT algorithm) for rugged mountainous regions is proposed. Terra MODIS-derived atmospheric characterization data (including aerosol optical depth, integrated precipitable water, surface pressure, and ozone concentration) are employed as inputs for the proposed algorithm. A physics-based path radiance estimation model is proposed and embedded in the CAT algorithm, and band-specific per-pixel path radiance values are calculated. After the CAT algorithm was performed, the correlation between reflectance and terrain was dramatically reduced, with correlation coefficients nearly equal zero, especially for the near infrared and short-wave infrared bands, meanwhile the image information content increased over 20%. To provide a comparison with previous studies, two commonly used methods in the literature (DOS + Cosine and DOS + C) were employed. The results of the comparison show that the proposed algorithm performed better in both atmospheric and topographic corrections without empirical regression.     

Modeling three-dimensional forest structures to drive canopy radiative transfer simulations of bidirectional reflectance factor

Three-dimensional (3-D) Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer (MCRT) models are usually used for benchmarking in intercomparisons of the canopy radiative transfer (RT) simulations. However, the 3-D MCRT models are rarely applied to develop remote sensing algorithms to estimate essential climate variables of forests, due mainly to the difficulties in obtaining realistic stand structures for different forest biomes over regional to global scales. Fortunately, some of important tree structure parameters such as canopy height and tree density distribution have been available globally. This enables to run the intermediate complexities of the 3-D MCRT models. We consequently developed a statistical approach to generate forest structures with intermediate complexities depending on the inputs of canopy height and tree density. It aims at facilitating applications of the 3-D MCRT models to develop remote sensing retrieval algorithms. The proposed approach was evaluated using field measurements of two boreal forest stands at Estonia and USA, respectively. Results demonstrated that the simulations of bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) based on the measured forest structures agreed well with the BRF based on the generated structures from the proposed approach with the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative RMSE (rRMSE) ranging from 0.002 to 0.006 and from 0.7% to 19.8%, respectively. Comparison of the computed BRF with corresponding MODIS reflectance data yielded RMSE and rRMSE lower than 0.03 and 20%, respectively. Although the results from the current study are limited in two boreal forest stands, our approach has the potential to generate stand structures for different forest biomes.     

Thermal evolution of the Kuh-e-Asmari and Sim anticlines in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt: Implications for hydrocarbon generation

Mixed layer clay minerals, vitrinite reflectance and geochemical data from Rock-Eval pyrolysis were used to constrain the burial evolution of the Mesozoic–Cenozoic successions exposed at the Kuh-e-Asmari (Dezful Embayment) and Sim anticlines (Fars province) in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. In both areas, Late Cretaceous to Pliocene rocks, show low levels of thermal maturity in the immature stages of hydrocarbon generation and early diagenetic conditions (R0 I–S and R_o% values < 0.5). At depths of 2–4 km, T_max values (435–450 °C) from organic-rich layers of the Sargelu, Garau and Kazhdumi source rocks in the Kuh-e-Asmari anticline indicate mid to late mature stages of hydrocarbon generation. One dimensional thermal models allowed us to define the onset of oil generation for the Middle Jurassic to Eocene source rocks and pointed out that sedimentary burial is the main factor responsible for measured levels of thermal maturity. Specifically, the Sargelu and Garau Formations entered the oil window prior to Zagros folding in Late Cretaceous times, the Kazhdumi Formation during middle Miocene (syn-folding stage), and the Pabdeh Formation in the Late Miocene–Pliocene after the Zagros folding. In the end, the present-day distribution of oil fields in the Dezful Embayment and gas fields in the Fars region is primarily controlled by lithofacies changes and organic matter preservation at the time of source rock sedimentation. Burial conditions during Zagros folding had minor to negligible influence.     

风云三号D星MERSI-II陆地气溶胶反演定量能力评估

风云三号卫星搭载的中分辨率光谱成像仪MERSI（MEdium-Resolution Spectral Imager）与NASA的MODIS属于同类型传感器,大多数通道设计相似,具备气溶胶反演的能力,但目前还没有精度可靠、稳定且全球适用的业务化气溶胶产品可供使用。本文借鉴MODIS暗目标DT（Dark target）算法思想,针对新发射的风云三号D星搭载的升级版MERSI-II传感器,构建全球适用的陆地气溶胶反演算法。为测试MERSI-II传感器气溶胶反演的定量能力,并与MODIS气溶胶产品具有可对比性,本文算法设计尽可能与DT算法在各方面处理相一致,主要在两个方面进行了改进与优化：（1）考虑到传感器波段设置差异,给出了针对MERSI-II的地表反射率估计模型;（2）改进内陆水体判别方法,解决DT算法雾霾漏反演的缺陷。通过将单景反演结果与MODIS气溶胶产品对比,反演结果的空间分布和值域大小均具有较好的一致性,相关系数达到0.9以上;有效地实现雾霾高值区反演,而MODIS产品在该区域漏反演。通过对3个月份全球数据反演试验,利用AERONET地基站网观测数据对结果进行验证,落入期望误差EE=±（0.05+0.15τ）范围的点数达到65.14%,接近2/3的要求,相关系数达到0.866,整体具有较高的验证精度;MERSI幅宽大于MODIS,加之本文像元掩膜的改进,使得MERSI反演像元数增加更多,匹配的验证点比例较MODIS高出20%左右。进一步将月平均结果与MODIS进行对比,空间分布一致性较好,反演结果大小对比相关性较好,相关系数达到0.93左右。表明本文针对MERSI-II气溶胶反演算法结果已接近国际同类型产品的精度要求,将为全球长时间序列气溶胶观测有提供重要补充。从而印证了MERSI观测数据已具有较好的定量应用能力,传感器性能、定标等正在逐渐走向成熟。     

Progress in Marine Oil Spill Optical Remote Sensing: Detected Targets,Spectral Response Characteristics,and Theories

Different oil spill pollution types could be produced in oil transport and weathering processes. Investigation of these pollution types is beneficial for oil spill recovery and processing. Optical remote sensing techniques play an important role in marine oil spill monitoring and have the ability to identify different oil spill pollution types. Recently, research on oil spill optical remote sensing has made much progress in detecting targets, identifying spectral response characteristics, and formulating theories. Floating black oil, oil slicks, and oil-water mixture in marine oil spill accidents are the main targets to be investigated by optical remote sensors. The visible spectral response differences of these targets are the base of oil spill optical remote sensing research. Bi-directional reflectance distribution function, light interference, absorption, and scattering of targets produce different spectra. Therefore, oil spill optical remote sensing could be used to identify the main oil spill pollution types and estimate oil spill volume.