Mineralogy and organic petrology of oil shales in the Sangkarewang Formation, Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra, Indonesia

The Ombilin Basin is filled by late Eocene to early Oligocene marginal fan deposits (Brani Formation) and lacustrine shales (Sangkarewang Formation), unconformably overlain by a late Oligocene to early Miocene fluvial sequence (Sawahlunto and Sawahtambang Formations) and capped by an early to mid-Miocene marine sequence (Ombilin Formation). Significant oil shale deposits occur in the Sangkarewang Formation, intercalated with thin laminated greenish-grey calcareous sandstones. X-ray diffraction shows that the sediments consist mainly of quartz, feldspar, carbonates and a range of clay minerals, together in some cases with minor proportions of sulphides, evaporites and zeolites. Feldspar and non-kaolinite clay minerals decrease up the sequence, relative to kaolinite, suggesting a changing sediment source as the basin was filled. Calcite, thought to be mainly of authigenic origin, is also more abundant in the middle and upper parts of the sequence.The organic matter in the oil shales of the sequence is dominated by liptinite macerals, particularly alginite (mainly lamalginite) and sporinite. Cutinite also occurs in some samples, along with resinite and traces of bituminite. The dominance of lamalginite in the liptinite components suggests that the material can be described as a lamosite. Samples from the Sangkarewang Formation have vitrinite reflectance values ranging between 0.37% and 0.55%. These are markedly lower than the vitrinite reflectance for coal from the overlying Sawahlunto Formation (0.68%), possibly due to suppression associated with the abundant liptinite in the oil shales.Fischer assay data on outcrop samples indicate that the oil yield is related to the organic carbon content. Correlations with XRD data show that, with one exception, the oil yield and organic carbon can also be correlated directly to the abundance of carbonate (calcite) and inversely to the abundance of quartz plus feldspar. This suggests that the abundance of algal material in the lake sediments was preferentially associated with carbonate deposition. High yields of oil are noted in some samples, as a percentage of the organic carbon content. This may indicate that partial generation of hydrocarbons from the material has already taken place, in association with thermal maturation of the Sangkarewang succession.     

湘中涟源凹陷镜质体反射率与地层剥蚀厚度恢复

为了计算涟源凹陷的剥蚀量,恢复其构造演化,采用了涟源凹陷各地层平均镜质体反射率和刘家塘组的.Ro值分析了涟源凹陷的平面展布.结果表明,涟源凹陷在中晚泥盆世的沉降速度最快;晚泥盆世-石炭纪沉降速度相对减慢;在二叠纪-三叠纪沉降速度进一步减慢;在早三叠世晚期涟源凹陷发生了大面积的抬升,并伴随有东南-西北向的强烈挤压,出现角度不整合;晚三叠世时地层重新开始沉积.区内地层是不均匀抬升,凹陷边缘较凹陷内部抬升量大;在凹陷内部,背斜区地层破坏极为严重.     

卫星对地遥感应用中的邻近效应研究

利用Monte-Carlo地气耦合辐射传输模式比较系统地进行了卫星视反射率对地表、大气和卫星参数的敏感性数值试验,重点研究了邻近效应对地表反射水平非均一分布的敏感性、邻近效应有效地表范围以及邻近效应与卫星高度的关系三个方面的问题.在定量分析的基础上,揭示了影响邻近效应的主要因子及其影响机制,给出了一些重要结论,包括:地表非均一引起的邻近效应的影响是非常重要的,特别是当目标反射率小于环境反射率时;气溶胶光学厚度越大,散射相函数对称性越强,卫星视反射率对环境反射率越敏趑感,邻近效应越明显;邻近效应的有效地表范围可达到几十公里,同样光学厚度条件下,与气溶胶相比,分子的有效地表范围更大,邻近效应也更强;卫星观测同一目标物时,邻近效应随着探测器高度增高而变大等.     

贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝垂向封闭性演化特征

通过岩心观察和成像测井资料分析,发现贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝较发育,其形成与分布受断裂控制。利用SiO₂或CaCO₃沉淀胶结所需要的镜质体反射率值,对贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝目前垂向封闭性进行了评价。凹陷大部分地区开启,仅在凹陷少部分地区封闭,封闭区在凹陷中部呈环带分布,在凹陷边部呈条带分布。贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝现今垂向封闭性差于地质历史时期垂向封闭性,油气保存条件变差,造成油气大量散失,这可能是目前贝尔凹陷能在布达特群找到一批油气藏的重要原因之一。     

A New Method of Profiling Remote-Sensing Reflectance of Coastal Waters

The profiling method is the first method to select in measuring the remotesensing reflectance. In the light of the characteristics of China‘s coastal waters, we develop a new method to compensate the environment‘s effects with the downwelling irradiance‘s profile and to estimate the underwater remote-sensing reflectance rrs(λ). The result indicates that the relative deviation of repetitious rrs(λ) in one station is around 10%.     

基于高光谱遥感的土壤有机碳含量估算研究进展

土壤有机碳库是人类可以对其施加影响的最大生物圈碳库,其储量的估算和动态变化研究是全球碳循环研究中的重要内容．传统的各种估算和监测方法存在一定的问题,而利用高光谱遥感估算土壤有机碳含量具有便捷快速、节约成本、非破坏性和准确度高的优势,同时,从机载高光谱传感器获取的土壤图像数据对于估算大尺度区域土壤有机碳含量和跨时空动态研究具有相当大的潜力．但是,基于高光谱遥感数据的监测受到很多因素的影响,包括土壤有机碳含量的差异、成土母质、土壤含水量、土壤质地等以及与土壤有机碳光谱响应特性较为接近的氧化铁的影响．另外,野外土壤表面状态（如植被覆盖、表面粗糙度、土壤含水量和沙石等）以及大气、光照和辐射条件等也都对研究结果和估算精度产生较大的影响．今后该领域的研究应致力于对各影响因素的深入研究,同时寻求更多有效的计量方法提高估算模型的稳定性,并最终应用高光谱遥感数据开展区域尺度土壤有机碳含量的估算．     

Variations of albedo and spectral reflectance on Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains during the ablation season

Based on the data observed at two sites (site H1, 4,473 m a.s.l., and site H2, 4,696 m a.s.l.) on Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains, China, by automatic weather station and spectral pyranometer during the period of June 9 through September 27, 2006, we investigated the temporal and spatial variations in surface albedo and spectral reflectance on the glacier. At site H1, the daily mean surface albedos fluctuated between 0.233 and 0.866, which were significantly affected by the air temperature on the glacier. It was found that the albedos clearly showed a diurnal cycle with the lowest value at noon at the two observation sites over the study period, and the difference of albedos between the upper site H2 and the lower site H1 also showed diurnal cycle but with the highest value at noon. The reflectance on the glacier was higher in the ultraviolet (0.28-0.4 μm) and visible (0.4-0.76 μm) wavelengths, lower in the near infrared wavelength (0.76-3 μm), which is quite contrary to the spectral reflectance on other ground surfaces. At the two observation sites, the spectral reflectance declined in all wavelengths with the ablation of snow generally. However, it declined drastically in ultraviolet (0.28-0.4 μm) and 0.6-0.7 μm wavelength, and declined less in 0.4-0.5 μm wavelength. On fresh snow surface, the spectral reflectance had the high values of 0.983 and 0.815 in the ultraviolet and visible (0.4-0.76 μm) wavelengths, respectively; but it had a relatively lower value of 0.671 in near infrared (0.76-3 μm) wavelengths. However, on dirty and melting ice surfaces, the reflectance had the very low values of 0.305 and 0.256 in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, with the lowest value of 0.082 in near infrared wavelengths. The spectral reflectance also showed a diurnal cycle like that of albedo. The diurnal variations of spectral reflectance on snow surface in ultraviolet and visible wavelength changed to a greater degree than that on ice surface. The diurnal variation curves were asymmetrical before and after t     

Coalification pattern and thermal modelling of the Permo-Carboniferous Saar Basin (SW-Germany)

Palaeo-heat flow values and thicknesses of eroded Permo-Carboniferous sediments in the Saar Basin were evaluated using one dimensional thermal modelling techniques. Thermal, burial and erosion histories for 16 wells were calibrated by comparing measured and calculated vitrinite reflectance using the kinetic EASY%R_o algorithm and by comparing measured and calculated temperature data. On the basis of 37 wells, coalification maps were constructed revealing a syn-kinematic coalification pattern. Thermal maturity of the sediments can only be explained by deep burial and moderate heat flows during time of maximum burial, i.e., in the Permo-Carboniferous. Calculated heat flow data range between 50 and 75 mW/m², which implies a crustal thickness between 30 and 40 km during the time of maximum burial. These values are in accordance with the geodynamic setting of the basin. The influence of the Permo-Carboniferous volcanism on the palaeo-temperature distribution was overwhelmed by the subsequent deep burial. During Permian times, between 1800 and 3000 m of Permo-Carboniferous sediments were eroded. Different sedimentation and erosion histories are characteristic for anticlines and synclines, respectively.     

淤泥质潮滩湿地类型遥感识别分类方法与应用

依据江苏盐城国家珍禽自然保护区淤泥质潮滩湿地影像特征,快速提取高精度潮滩湿地地物信息对湿地生态保护具有重要的意义。本研究以2010年TM影像为数据源,针对海滨湿地植物覆被类型复杂,以及湿地植物类型之间的生态交错带信息难以识别等问题,综合运用植被NDVI指数、波段反射率特征、环境特征和生态条件,逐级分层分类及人工选取阈值等方法,较好地解决了淤泥质潮滩湿地分类问题。结果表明,与同一时期的监督分类相比较,在识别植被交错带植被覆被类型和零星分布的植被斑块的类型方面更具优势,分类精度有明显提高。通过ROI训练区,选取了3126个包括所有类型的样本进行精度检验,分类精度达到95.87%。该方法弥补了单一分类方法的不足,对快速、高精度地提取淤泥质潮滩地物类型具有重要的参考价值和实践意义。     

四川盆地原油裂解气的有利地温场分布及其演化特征

为了确定四川盆地原油裂解气的有利分布区,利用镜质体反射率古温标重建了四川盆地的热演化史,分析了四川盆地下三叠统飞仙关组原油裂解的有利地温场分布范围及其演化特征。结果表明:四川盆地各构造单元自三叠纪以来的热流演化是不一致的,川东北地区热流在地质历史时期最低,川中地区热流也较低,而川西北和川西地区热流演化最高,这种差异与青藏高原隆升及峨眉山玄武岩地幔柱有关;四川盆地在二叠纪时期热流明显高于其他时期,但高热流持续时间较短,这主要受岩浆侵入的影响;四川盆地飞仙关组原油裂解气的有利地温分布区是不断变化的,侏罗纪末期其几乎遍及整个四川盆地,白垩纪末期其范围缩小,古近纪末期其收缩至川西和川中部分地区,现今范围则最小,主要分布在川西部分地区;控制原油裂解气分布区的主要因素是古地温场,尤其是地温最高时期的地温场,而与现今地温场的关系并不密切。