基于TM/ETM和DEM数据的BRDF特征提取

巴丹吉林沙漠地区地物类型单一,地形起伏,形成了天然的二向反射数据集;因此,本研究利用巴丹吉林沙漠地区的ASTER GDEM产品提供的地面高程数据,计算出每个坡元所对应的太阳-观测几何信息(包括太阳天顶角与方位角和观测天顶角与方位角),假设沙丘上每个坡元的表面结构不随其坡度和坡向变化,加上Landsat-TM/ETM+对地观测的信息,就形成了对同一地物的多角度观测数据集,从而可以提取该地区的BRDF特征。为了检验该方法,利用该方法获取的BRDF特征信息模拟了25景Landsat-TM/ETM+数据,并与实际的Landsat-TM/ETM+图像进行对比分析。结果表明, Landsat-TM/ETM+前4个波段的模拟图像与真实图像地表平均反射率相比,平均误差分别为2.80%、1.92%、2.68%和2.32%,高于一般辐射定标中5%—7%的误差要求,因此本研究方法可为高分辨率数据的交叉辐射定标等应用提供参考。     

湘中涟源凹陷镜质体反射率与地层剥蚀厚度恢复

为了计算涟源凹陷的剥蚀量,恢复其构造演化,采用了涟源凹陷各地层平均镜质体反射率和刘家塘组的.Ro值分析了涟源凹陷的平面展布.结果表明,涟源凹陷在中晚泥盆世的沉降速度最快;晚泥盆世-石炭纪沉降速度相对减慢;在二叠纪-三叠纪沉降速度进一步减慢;在早三叠世晚期涟源凹陷发生了大面积的抬升,并伴随有东南-西北向的强烈挤压,出现角度不整合;晚三叠世时地层重新开始沉积.区内地层是不均匀抬升,凹陷边缘较凹陷内部抬升量大;在凹陷内部,背斜区地层破坏极为严重.     

Mineralogy and organic petrology of oil shales in the Sangkarewang Formation, Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra, Indonesia

The Ombilin Basin is filled by late Eocene to early Oligocene marginal fan deposits (Brani Formation) and lacustrine shales (Sangkarewang Formation), unconformably overlain by a late Oligocene to early Miocene fluvial sequence (Sawahlunto and Sawahtambang Formations) and capped by an early to mid-Miocene marine sequence (Ombilin Formation). Significant oil shale deposits occur in the Sangkarewang Formation, intercalated with thin laminated greenish-grey calcareous sandstones. X-ray diffraction shows that the sediments consist mainly of quartz, feldspar, carbonates and a range of clay minerals, together in some cases with minor proportions of sulphides, evaporites and zeolites. Feldspar and non-kaolinite clay minerals decrease up the sequence, relative to kaolinite, suggesting a changing sediment source as the basin was filled. Calcite, thought to be mainly of authigenic origin, is also more abundant in the middle and upper parts of the sequence.The organic matter in the oil shales of the sequence is dominated by liptinite macerals, particularly alginite (mainly lamalginite) and sporinite. Cutinite also occurs in some samples, along with resinite and traces of bituminite. The dominance of lamalginite in the liptinite components suggests that the material can be described as a lamosite. Samples from the Sangkarewang Formation have vitrinite reflectance values ranging between 0.37% and 0.55%. These are markedly lower than the vitrinite reflectance for coal from the overlying Sawahlunto Formation (0.68%), possibly due to suppression associated with the abundant liptinite in the oil shales.Fischer assay data on outcrop samples indicate that the oil yield is related to the organic carbon content. Correlations with XRD data show that, with one exception, the oil yield and organic carbon can also be correlated directly to the abundance of carbonate (calcite) and inversely to the abundance of quartz plus feldspar. This suggests that the abundance of algal material in the lake sediments was preferentially associated with carbonate deposition. High yields of oil are noted in some samples, as a percentage of the organic carbon content. This may indicate that partial generation of hydrocarbons from the material has already taken place, in association with thermal maturation of the Sangkarewang succession.     

Remote sensing of soybean stress as an indicator of chemical concentration of biosolid amended surface soils

The accumulation of heavy metals in the biosolid amended soils and the risk of their uptake into different plant parts is a topic of great concern. This study examines the accumulation of several heavy metals and nutrients in soybeans grown on biosolid applied soils and the use of remote sensing to monitor the metal uptake and plant stress. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted with soybeans grown on soils applied with biosolids at varying rates. The plant growth was monitored using Landsat TM imagery and handheld spectroradiometer in field and greenhouse studies, respectively. Soil and plant samples were collected and then analyzed for several elemental concentrations. The chemical concentrations in soils and roots increased significantly with increase in applied biosolid concentrations. Copper (Cu) and Molybdenum (Mo) accumulated significantly in the shoots of the metal-treated plants. Our spectral and Landsat TM image analysis revealed that the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) can be used to distinguish the metal stressed plants. The NDVI showed significant negative correlation with increase in soil Cu concentrations followed by other elements. This study suggests the use of remote sensing to monitor soybean stress patterns and thus indirectly assess soil chemical characteristics.     

An investigation into robust spectral indices for leaf chlorophyll estimation

Quantifying photosynthetic activity at the regional scale can provide important information to resource managers, planners and global ecosystem modelling efforts. With increasing availability of both hyperspectral and narrow band multispectral remote sensing data, new users are faced with a plethora of options when choosing an optical index to relate to their chosen or canopy parameter. The literature base regarding optical indices (particularly chlorophyll indices) is wide ranging and extensive, however it is without much consensus regarding robust indices. The wider spectral community could benefit from studies that apply a variety of published indices to differing sets of species data. The consistency and robustness of 73 published chlorophyll spectral indices have been assessed, using leaf level hyperspectral data collected from three crop species and a variety of savanna tree species. Linear regression between total leaf chlorophyll content and bootstrapping were used to determine the leafpredictive capabilities of the various indices. The indices were then ranked based on the prediction error (the average root mean square error (RMSE)) derived from the bootstrapping process involving 1000 iterative resampling with replacement. The results show two red-edge derivative based indices (red-edge position via linear extrapolation index and the modified red-edge inflection point index) as the most consistent and robust, and that the majority of the top performing indices (in spite of species variability) were simple ratio or normalised difference indices that are based on off-chlorophyll absorption centre wavebands (690–730 nm).     

沿海滩涂大米草叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型

以沿海滩涂大米草为研究对象,测试其叶片水平的反射光谱和叶绿素含量;基于反射光谱提取多变量和单变量参数,并分析其与叶绿素含量的相关性;应用线性回归和非线性模拟的方法构建大米草叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型。结果表明:叶绿素a,b和(a+b)含量与487 nm的导数光谱相关系数最高,分别为-0.615,-0.572和-0.613;应用多元逐步线性回归构建的叶绿素a和(a+b)含量的高光谱估算模型精度最高,调整后的R2分别为0.449和0.407;应用二次函数法构建的叶绿素b含量的高光谱估算模型精度最高,调整后的R2为0.387。     

原生油藏调整过程的有机地球化学与岩石学证据——由乡3井看哈得逊油田的调整机制

塔里木盆地发育多期构造旋回,新构造运动活跃,呈现多期成藏晚期为主的特点,因此海相调整型油气藏成为塔里木盆地油气勘探的重要领域。为了研究调整型油气藏的成藏规律和机理,定量评价油气调整规模,以哈得逊油田为例开展了储层沥青反射率、生物标记化合物、包裹体和伊利石等方面的研究,表明曾有两期油到达过东河砂岩。根据两大关键时期古构造演化和圈闭发育史建立了哈得逊"两期充注,晚期调整"的油气成藏模式,晚期形成的圈闭与原生油藏的构造关系是调整型油气藏聚集的主控因素。针对原生油藏乡3构造,通过系统选取东河砂岩和奥陶系良里塔格组的储层样品,经过连续抽的前处理区分出古油藏和现今油藏的抽提物,并进行了三维荧光强度扫描,定量评价出乡3构造奥陶系古油柱高度调整了20m左右,指示了原生油藏调整规模不容忽视,具有形成次生调整型油气藏的较大潜力。     

The color reflectance of marine-terrigenous deposits in LZ908 borehole in south coastal plain of the Laizhou Bay

Color measuring is characterized by high resolution, high efficiency, and low cost. The application becomes increasingly common for tracing sediment sources and climate variation. Borehole LZ908 in the south coastal plain of the Laizhou Bay in northeast China, was used, of which the top 54 m containing all marine facies was focused, to test the feasibility of colorimetry as a climate indicator using visible light reflectance spectra and L^*a^*b^* measurement results. The results show a good correction between lightness and calcium carbonate content in marine-terrigenous deposits; therefore, these deposits can be used as a proxy to study climate changes. Factor-analysis on the first derivative values of the raw visible light reflectance spectra produced three principal factors corresponding to goethite, organic matter, and hematite. Down hole variations in the three factor scores, lightness, calcium carbonate content, and grain size were quite consistent. Moreover, high lightness and low factor scores in goethite, hematite, and organics indicated glacial regression deposits, while low lightness and high factor scores in goethite, hematite, and organics indicated interglacial transgression deposits.