The Paleo Heat Flow Contents in Vitrinite Reflectance Observations

The heat flow content in vitrinite reflectance (VR) observations is studied based on a simple model of burial at a constant rate. The model is made dimensionless, and it has just one parameter except for the paleo heat flow. The question of existence and uniqueness of a solution is studied, and there exist in general no paleo heat flow that will reproduce a given VR-depth curve. But a solution is unique if it exists. A computed VR-depth function is shown to be smooth, even for piecewise constant heat flow histories. The paleo heat flow can be obtained from a VR-depth function after two times with derivations. It is also shown how the present day thermal gradient can be obtained by derivation of a VR-depth representation. The one-parameter model allows for approximate expressions for the optimal paleo heat flow as a step function. The results obtained from the one-parameter model is also compared with similar results from a real case study from the North Sea using a state-of-the-art basin simulator.     

Physical properties of shungite

This paper presents the results of physical parameters such as bulk porosity, true density, optical reflectance, dynamic elastic moduli, X-ray diffractograms and EPR spectra, determined for shungite. All shungite samples studied are considerably denser materials than anthracite — high rank coal with similar carbon content. Bright shungites were porous with the very dense matrix, while the dull shungite is compact, almost non-porous material. Elastic moduli of the dull shungite are generally higher than those of bright shungites and anthracite. All shungites studied (including anthracite) exhibit the directional dependence of elasticity. The maximum reflectance values of bright shungites are higher than those for dull shungite and anthracite. That corresponds with the denser matrix of these samples and suggests the greatest ordering of graphene layers in the case of bright shungites and also suggests some similarity to meta-anthracite from Paleozoic basins. Reflectance anisotropy of shungites studied are generally lower than that of anthracite. Ordering of graphene layers in bright shungite, as a high rank coal variety, is obvious, but lower anisotropy than that of anthracite is a surprise. X-ray studies confirm a high density of bright shungite. Interplanar distances d_hkl of the shungite (d₀₀₂ = 3.48 Å) are closer to those of anthracite (d₀₀₂ = 3.52 Å) than to those of graphite (d₀₀₂ = 3.35 Å). All results described here show the differences in molecular structure and degree of graphitisation of carbonaceous matter in bright, semi-bright and dull varieties of shungite. Our data could play a key role in production of materials composed of carbon nanoparticles.     

金属矿物颜色指数在定性观察中的应用

金属矿物颜色指数是近代矿相学中定量测定的新进展。本文阐述了颜色指数的视觉反射率、色调、饱和度、色度坐标在定性观察方面的应用。视觉反射率比白光或绿光下测定的反射率更接近人目本身感觉的反射率。色度坐标可用于计算反射多色性的相对色度差以衡量反射多色性的显著程度。颜色指数用于编排金属矿物鉴定表,使鉴定表系统化、数字化且简明实用。颜色指数在金属矿物的鉴定工作方面具有指导作用。     

SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS AT THE CHINA RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION TEST SITE FOR THE REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE SENSOR

A comprehensive field experiment was made with the support of the project of ChinaRadiometric Calibration Site (CRCS) during June-July 1999.Ground reflectance spectra weremeasured at Dunhuang Calibration Test Site in the experiment.More than two thousands ofspectral curves were acquired in a 20km×20km area.The spectral coverage is from 350 nm to2500 nm.The measurement values show that reflectance is between 10% and 33% at the VIS-SWIR spectral region.The standard deviation of reflectance is between 1.0% and 2.0% for thespectral range.Optical characteristics and ground reflectance measurements at the Dunhuang testsite,result analysis and error source were described.In addition,a comparison of the reflectanceobtained in 1999 with those measured in 1994 and 1996 was also made.     

用镜质体反射率重建沉积盆地构造演化特征

本文以渤海湾盆地为例，讨论通过定量研究镜质体反射率剖面资料来重建沉积盆地构造演化特征。结果：表明渤海湾盆地曾经经历过与印支运动和燕山运动相对应的两次重要的构造抬升、剥蚀事件。估算的这两次构造抬升作用剥蚀的地层厚度分别平均约为1110m和900m，剥蚀速率分别为35－82m/Ma和8－17m/Ma。研究表明渤海湾盆地不同地史时期古地温梯度不同，各生代古地温梯度（4．33－4．67℃/100m）明显高于晚古生代（3．49－3．92℃/100m）和新生代（3．75－3．76℃/100m）以及现代地温梯度（3．5－3．7℃/100m），这表明本区在中生代时曾出现过高热异常。镜质体反射率剖面回归参数(热响应因子b)反映出渤海湾盆地在新生代沉降速度明显加大，此时控制盆地沉降作用的构造背景发生了重大的变化，强烈的坳陷和断裂作用取代了晚古生代地台和 中生代 的断陷而成为本区最重要的构造特征。     

不同变质程度煤的激光拉曼光谱特征

对不同矿区，不同变质程度煤的9个镜煤样品进行了激光拉曼光谱测定，并对其特征光谱进行了参数化。在1000－2000cm^-1的波数范围内有两个明显的拉曼频率振动峰G峰和D峰。当镜质体反射率R0＜2．28％时，D峰位置随R0的增大向低波数位置偏移。G峰与D峰峰位差和峰高比随R0的增大而增加。当R0约为2．1％时，拉曼光谱特征趋势发生逆转性变化。在2500－3250cm^-1之间有一个明显的拉曼谱带，并随煤变质程度的增加呈现如下规律，其谱带的变化与有机质的成熟度演化具有一珲的同步性，特别是在有机质进入成熟门限后，由于油相和气相成分的大量生成，出现明显的振动峰，而进入无烟煤（R0＞4．4％）后，其振动峰变弱，因此，煤的激光拉曼光谱特征可作为油气盆地判断有机质成熟度的一个指标。     

Effects of igneous intrusions on coalbed methane potential, Gunnedah Basin, Australia

The Gunnedah Basin, NSW, Australia, contains more than 500 Gt of coal, and has been the subject of recent coalbed methane exploration. Large areas of the basin contain igneous intrusions and large areas of coal have been heat-affected as a consequence. A detailed study has been undertaken of coal seams intersected in a cored coalbed methane exploration drillhole in which two sill-form igneous intrusions are present. Comparisons are made between coals that are unaltered and coals that have been heat-affected, using petrographic and chemical data, coal seam gas desorption data, and gas chemical analysis data.Results demonstrate that the two igneous intrusions have had a very positive effect on coalbed methane development. The gas content in a number of heat-affected coal seams within thermal aureoles above and below the sills is substantially higher than in adjacent unaffected coal seams. In addition, the intrusions have had little effect on gas quality. The coals in the heat-affected zone were found to contain gas with approximately 95% methane. The coals in the thermal aureoles were found, under the microscope, to contain characteristic micropores and slits, which collectively may serve to enhance gas adsorption capacity, permeability, and gas desorption. Gas contents below each of the sills is substantially higher than above the sill, confirming earlier results that the sills appear to have acted as a reservoir seal, during and for some time after intrusion. The background coal rank in ACM Yannergee DDH 1 is in the high-volatile bituminous range. The igneous intrusions have resulted in an increase in rank such that large areas of coal have moved into the optimal thermogenic gas generation window. This rank increase has affected a major part of the coal-bearing sequence.     

一种森林的BDRF模型(英文)

已有的森林反射模型［１－３］已经显示了其用于解释天顶方向观测到的森林遥感数据的能力。随着新的测量多角度反射特征的可能性的出现，大大地增加了在任意观察方向上模拟森林反射率的兴趣。上述模型也具有产生反射率方向分布的能力，但迄今仅有少量的应用。该文论述采用Ｎｉｌｓｏｎ和Ｐｅｔｅｒｓｏｎ［２］模拟模型的反射率方向分布的结果。     

GPS引导下的多角度遥感图像自动匹配

随着航天和计算机技术的进步,多角度遥感目前又一次成为遥感基础研究的新热点,不同于以往的传统垂直观测方式,它不仅提供了地物的空间光谱信息,还提供了地物的结构特征信息,是定量化遥感的途径之一。多角度遥感也使得遥感图像处理更加复杂,多角度遥感图像的配准便是要解决的关键技术之一,多角度遥感图像成像的特殊性决定了纯粹利用图像信息进行的匹配是较为困难的。本文以法国POLDER（POL arizationand Directionality of Earth's Reflectance）多角度航空遥感试验为例,介绍POLDER多角度遥感图像自动匹配的方法,首先用GPS进行定位引导,精度在100m左右,然后在初步定位的基础上,用图像灰度特征和结构特征进行精确配准,自动定位精度小于30m,最后采用局部最小误差控制点对图像进行重采样处理,并直接提取航空平台的地物二向性反射信息。