湿地土壤和沉积物异化铁还原过程研究进展

异化铁还原是湿地土壤和沉积物中重要的生物地球化学过程,也是有机质矿化的主要途径之一。湿地干湿交替等过程会使土壤的氧化还原状态发生改变,影响铁元素及与其相关的元素的迁移和转化。总结了湿地土壤和沉积物中异化铁还原过程及其与碳、磷、硫等元素在生物地球化学循环关键过程中的相互作用,阐述了湿地土壤和沉积物中异化铁还原过程对微量金属元素迁移和转化的影响,分析了影响湿地土壤和沉积物异化铁还原过程的主要环境因子。未来相关研究应集中于湿地土壤和沉积物中异化铁还原微生物分析和纯化、不同有机质形式对异化铁还原过程的影响以及异化铁还原对土壤有机质矿化的贡献。     

一种削弱信噪混叠的EMD降噪方法

针对经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)降噪过程中存在信号与噪声模态混叠及直接将分界本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)分量归入高频噪声造成真实信号被“湮没”等问题,提出一种改进的EMD降噪方法。该方法将经EMD得到的第2个IMF分量至分界IMF分量进行重构,对重构信号进行下一次EMD,获取其中的“真实”信号,多次重复此操作,最后将所有获得的低频信号累加,从而达到降噪的目的。利用2种模拟数据和1种GPS实测高程数据进行实验,模拟数据与实测数据采用不同的评价指标评价降噪效果,结果表明,改进的EMD方法较传统EMD方法降噪效果更佳,验证了该方法的可靠性。     

MODIS和OMI数据评估阅兵期间北京市大气减排成效

卫星观测不仅能反映区域宏观大气污染状况,也能从城市尺度上监测大气污染物的变化。基于以上优势,本文利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和OMI对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度数据,比较2015年与2012年—2014年以及2015年3个时期(减排前、减排中、减排后)AOD和NO_2柱浓度的变化,定性分析了阅兵期间华北平原地区污染物减排效果,重点定量评估北京市联控减排措施的效果。研究发现2015年减排中华北平原重污染地区AOD和NO_2柱浓度相比于前3年同期有明显降低。定量分析北京市的减排效果得到:2015年减排中较前3年同期而言,AOD降低59%,NO_2柱浓度降低41%;较2015年减排前而言,AOD降低73%,NO_2柱浓度降低30%,去除气象条件影响后,AOD下降43%,NO_2柱浓度下降21%,说明严格的联控减排措施有效地改善了空气质量,气象条件也起到积极的作用。减排措施结束后,AOD和NO_2柱浓度比减排中分别增加159%和71%。研究结果表明,卫星遥感与地基监测评估效果相当,能反映北京地面污染物排放能力;它既能观测区域尺度大气污染变化,又可评估城市尺度大气污染减排。随着卫星技术水平的提高,期望未来卫星遥感可作为一种独立手段来定量评估区域及城市尺度空气质量减排措施的效果。     

北京地区静稳天气综合指数的初步构建及其在环境气象中的应用

静稳天气与大气重污染的发生有紧密联系,为定量描述大气的静稳程度,文章研发了静稳天气综合指数。结合统计和预报经验,挑选发生大气污染的气象要素及其阈值条件,通过权重求和得到初步构建静稳天气指数(SWI)。此后,基于近13年的气象数据,分段统计各气象要素不同区间内雾-霾天气出现概率相对气候态的倍数作为分指数,根据分指数最大值和最小值的比值排序,得到10个对静稳天气具有较强指示意义的气象要素,对这10个要素的分指数求和得到静稳天气指数。改进后的指数和PM_(2.5)浓度有更好的相关性。以2015年1月一次重污染过程为例,分析不同阶段SWI和AQI指数的变化,两者具有较好的一致性,均表现出发展阶段稳定增长,消散阶段迅速降低的特征。应用静稳天气指数评估发现,APEC减排期间京津冀地区大气静稳程度和减排之前相当,但污染持续时间和峰值强度较减排前明显降低。SWI可以在重污染天气预报和重大活动减排措施评估中得到有效应用。     

Assessing the Impact of the Sloping Land Conversion Program on Rural Household Income in the Upper Reaches of Minjiang River,China

One secondary target of the SLCP is poverty reduction. Therefore, the impact of the SLCP on household income is a subject of much research. This study was conducted to determine whether the SLCP has affected incomes of households at different income levels13 years after its implementation. Using survey data from 2012 on rural households’ livelihoods in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Sichuan Province and using the non-participating households as a reference, the current impact of the SLCP on household income is calculated with a multiple linear regression model and a quantile regression model. The socio-geographic features of participating and non-participating households are also be compared. The results show no significant differences between the SLCP participating and non-participating households in many socio-demographic characteristics. Participating in the SLCP had no significant impact on household income at all income levels in the study area in 2012. This finding suggests that the SLCP is not currently increasing household income significantly in the study area, and that the implementation plan of the SLCP should be changed in this area in order to achieve its poverty reduction goal.     

中国履行《蒙特利尔议定书(基加利修正案)》减排三氟甲烷的对策分析

2016年10月制定的《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书（基加利修正案）》将三氟甲烷（HFC-23）纳入了其附件F第二类管控物质名单,并要求缔约国自2020年1月1日起以缔约方核准的技术对HFC-23进行销毁。伴随中国二氟一氯甲烷（HCFC-22）原料用途需求增长,其副产物HFC-23的产生量呈上升趋势,尽管HCFC-22生产工艺不断优化,HFC-23的副产率逐步下降,预测2050年HFC-23产生量将达到2.47万t（或365.56 Mt CO₂-eq),2020—2050年HFC-23累计产生量约56.3万t,折合约8332.40 Mt CO₂-eq。截至2015年,通过清洁发展机制以及国家发展和改革委员会减排专项的资助,中国以焚烧分解技术销毁HFC-23累计54585 t,为全球温室气体减排做出了重要贡献,但这一减排也花费了巨额资金投资焚烧设备和支付焚烧运行费用,提高了企业的生产成本、浪费了氟资源。研究显示,HFC-23资源化利用技术路线是可行的且中国相关技术专利正在逐步增加,鼓励和推进HFC-23资源化利用技术开发与应用是消除HFC-23排放可行的技术途径,也是未来中国加入并履行《基加利修正案》关键的技术路线选择。     

Geochemistry of Flooded Underground Mine Workings Influenced by Bacterial Sulfate Reduction

Unlike the majority of the water in the flooded mine complex of Butte Montana, which includes the highly acidic Berkeley pit lake, groundwater in the flooded West Camp underground mine workings has a circum-neutral pH and contains at least 8 μM aqueous sulfide. This article examines the geochemistry and stable isotope composition of this unusual H₂S-rich mine water, and also discusses problems related to the colorimetric analysis of sulfide in waters that contain FeS_(aq) cluster compounds. The West Camp mine pool is maintained at a constant elevation by continuous pumping, with discharge water that contains elevated Mn (90 μM), Fe (16 μM), and As (1.3 μM) but otherwise low metal concentrations. Dissolved inorganic carbon in the mine water is in chemical and isotopic equilibrium with rhodochrosite in the mineralized veins. The mine water is under-saturated with mackinawite and amorphous FeS, but is supersaturated with Cu- and Zn-sulfides. However, voltammetry studies show that much of the dissolved sulfide and ferrous iron are present as FeS_(aq) cluster molecules: as a result, the free concentration of the West Camp water is poorly constrained. Concentrations of dissolved sulfide determined by colorimetry were lower than gravimetric assays obtained by AgNO₃ addition, implying that the FeS_(aq) clusters are not completely extracted by the Methylene Blue reagent. In contrast, the clusters are quantitatively extracted as Ag₂S after addition of AgNO₃. Isotopic analysis of co-existing aqueous sulfide and sulfate confirms that the sulfide was produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The H₂S-rich mine water is not confined to the immediate vicinity of the extraction well, but is also present in flooded mine shafts up to 3 km away, and in samples bailed from mine shafts at depths up to 300 m below static water level. This illustrates that SRB are well established throughout the southwestern portion of the extensive (>15 km³) Butte flooded mine complex.     

大气环境污染优化控制的实际问题

讨论了大气环境污染优化控制理论和应用中的几个实际问题以及可以采用的一些分析和解决实际问题的方法,包括系统化分析方法、数据库的设计与实现、实用空气质量模式、优化控制问题的数学描述和求解、污染物方程及其伴随方程的线形规划求解等,同时给出了在大气环境容量规划和总量控制研究中的实现步骤。     

Earthquake Science and Technology as Well as Preparedness and Reduction of Earthquake Disaster in China

This paper systematically presents the state-of-the-art of preparedness and reduction of earthquake disasters in China. It contains abundant information on the goal, policy, working links, administrative organizations, and main scientific and technological approaches for earthquake disaster reduction in this country. The focus is placed on "taking science and technology as the foundation" and "management based on legal system."     

减轻地质灾害与可持续发展

阐述地质灾害与可持续发展的辩证关系,指出地质灾害是社会经济可持续发展的制约因素,但是,减轻地质灾害也是发展,“减负等于加正”,在减灾中获取“加正”的经济效益、社会效益与环境效益。为此,必须提高全社会的减灾意识,推动减灾社会化;实施减灾系统工程进行综合减灾;开展减灾示范区工作;综合治理地质灾害,保护地质环境;深入开展灾害科学研究,提高社会的减灾能力和水平。