A study of design spectra based on attenuation relationship of ground motion

In recent years, more and more studies are focused on the performance in seismic design instead of the strength of structures. People have realized that the structure deformation (displacement) can describe the damage more properly and directly than the strength (force). The displacement design spectra need to be constructed within more wide range of the period and the damping for the displacement-based seismic design.     

对比分析中国有关场地条件对设计反应谱最大值的影响

对国内有关场地条件对设计反应谱最大值影响的研究现状作了介绍,对不同研究者所采用的研究方法和得出的结论进行了对比。通过对比发现了4点不同:1)场地类别划分标准不同;2)所用地震记录来源不同;3)地震动强度的划分依据不同;4)在计算场地系数时所参照的场地类别标准也不同。同时,发现中国规范中Ⅳ类场地的范围过于小,有必要进行调整。综合上述分析,提出用峰值加速度来表示地震动强度,按照Ⅱ类场地的峰值加速度来进行分组,以有效峰值加速度EPA作为计算标准更加合理。利用真实的地震记录,根据各个台站的地质剖面图,按照中国现行的场地类别划分标准对所得到的场地进行类别划分,通过计算不同类别场地的EPA,结合这些分析结果,建议了用于不同类别场地设计反应谱最大值的一组经验系数     

Predicting grain protein content of winter wheat using remote sensing data based on nitrogen status and water stress

Advanced site-specific knowledge of grain protein content of winter wheat from remote sensing data would provide opportunities to manage grain harvest differently, and to maximize output by adjusting input in fields. In this study, remote sensing data were utilized to predict grain protein content. Firstly, the leaf nitrogen content at winter wheat anthesis stage was proved to be significantly correlated with grain protein content (R² = 0.36), and spectral indices significantly correlated to leaf nitrogen content at anthesis stage were potential indicators for grain protein content. The vegetation index, VI_green, derived from the canopy spectral reflectance at green and red bands, was significantly correlated to the leaf nitrogen content at anthesis stage, and also highly significantly correlated to the final grain protein content (R² = 0.46). Secondly, the external conditions, such as irrigation, fertilization and temperature, had important influence on grain quality. Water stress at grain filling stage can increase grain protein content, and leaf water content is closely related to irrigation levels, therefore, the spectral indices correlated to leaf water content can be potential indicators for grain protein content. The spectral reflectance of TM channel 5 derived from canopy spectra or image data at grain filling stage was all significantly correlated to grain protein content (R² = 0.31 and 0.37, respectively). Finally, not only this study proved the feasibility of using remote sensing data to predict grain protein content, but it also provided a tentative prediction of the grain protein content in Beijing area using the reflectance image of TM channel 5.     

深海热液区主要成分的高温高压拉曼光谱分析

模拟深海热液口环境(最高压力40 MPa,最高温度350℃),对深海热液区的主要成分CO2、CH4及其混合物的水溶液在不同压力和温度条件下的拉曼光谱进行探测和分析,结果显示:常温低压下CO2水溶液的Fermi双峰分别位于1 384.9 cm-1和1 278.3 cm-1处,CH4的水溶液拉曼峰υ1位于2 912.1 cm-1处,均比其气相的拉曼频移小;常温下CO2和CH4水溶液的拉曼特征峰随压力(≤40 MPa)的变化均不明显;在40 MPa的压力下随着温度的升高(≤350℃),CO2水溶液的Fermi双峰分别向高波数区移动了约3.4 cm-1和7.0 cm-1,而CH4水溶液的拉曼峰υ1向低波数区移动了约3.1cm-1;混合后升温过程中CO2的双峰分别向高波数区移动了约4.3 cm-1和3.8 cm-1,CH4的特征峰υ1向低波数区移动了4.5 cm-1。说明在室温到350℃范围内温度的变化对CO2和CH4水溶液拉曼频移有影响,频移量与温度线性相关,而压力在≤40 MPa范围内的改变对拉曼频移影响不明显。     

四川地形扰动对降水分布影响

引入一维加权平均的谱分析方法定量研究四川地形强迫对该区域降水分布的影响。结果表明:纬向地形和冬季降水谱峰锁相于同一波长（475.8 km）,呈共振关系,地形与其他季节降水呈漂移关系,这与经向和纬向上环流变动有关,即冬季纬向环流占主导,纬向地形触发的大气波动对冬季降水策动作用大;夏季降水是各种不同尺度系统相互作用的结果,地形是重要因素之一。经向和纬向地形特征尺度分别为296.8 km和475.8 km,反映了地形强迫的中尺度特征,且纬向地形谱峰比经向大1个数量级,纬向强迫更明显。夏季降水谱峰比冬季大2个数量级,降水系统纬向特征尺度比冬季小约150 km,说明夏季在纬向地形强迫下,降水系统尺度减小的同时其强度大大增加,这在一定程度上可以解释中尺度对流性降水在夏季偏多。四川夏季最大降水位于雅安地区,其地形扰动比四川整体扰动更明显,故产生的降水也更大。夏季降水和经向地形锁相于同一波长（37.1 km）,经向地形对雅安夏季强降水起关键作用。     

太湖入湖河口和开敞区CDOM吸收和三维荧光特征

应用吸收和三维荧光光谱对2007年夏季太湖入湖河口和大太湖开敞区有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)浓度及来源进行研究.结果表明,河口区和开敞区CDOM吸收系数a(355)存在显著空间差异,河口区明显大于开敞(ANOVA,P<0.001),a(355)最大值出现在大浦河口和竺山湾漕桥河几附近,最小值出现在东太湖和胥口湾.a(355)与溶解性有机碳、化学耗氧量浓度存在显著正相关.所有样品一般都含有4个明显的荧光峰,包括1个可见光区的类腐殖质荧光C峰,1个紫外光区的类腐殖酸荧光A峰,2个类蛋白荧光B峰和D峰.河口区外源输入的类腐殖质荧光非常强,最著大于开敞区(ANOVA,P<0.05).而河口区和开敞区类蛋白荧光没有显著性差异,反映开敞区除外源河流输入外,内源生物降解等对类蛋白荧光贡献增加.在河口区B、C峰的比值r(B/C)/b于1,均值为0.62±0.14、在开敞区r(B/C)除12#是0.92,其他值均大于1,均值为1.12±0.13,初步判断r(B/C)可以作为区分CDOM来源的重要参数.CDOM吸收a(355)与类腐殖质荧光C峰、A峰均存在极显著的正相关,而与类蛋白荧光相关性则明显下降,与D峰存在显著正相关,与B峰没有显著相关.     

Fluorescence discrimination and determination technique for phytoplankton composition by Coif2 wavelet packet

An in vivo fluorescence discrimination technique for phytoplankton population was developed by using Wavelet packet transform, cluster analysis and non-negative least squares. The technique was used to analyze water samples from different sea regions. For simulative mixtures, when dominant species account for 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% at the division level, the correct discrimination ratios (CDRs) are 83.0%, 99.1%, 99.7% and 99.9% with the relative contents of 58.5%, 68.4%, 77.7% and 86.3%, respectively; when the algae dominance are 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% at the genus level, the CDRs are 86.1%, 94.9%, 95.2%, 96.8% and 96.7%, respectively. For laboratory mixtures, the CDRs are 88.1% and 78.4% at the division and genus level, respectively. For field samples, the CDRs were 91.7% and 80% at the division and genus level, respectively (mesocosm experiments), and the CDRs were 100% and 66.7% at the division and genus level, respectively (Jiaozhou Bay). The fluorometric technique was used to estimate the phytoplankton community composition and relative abundance of different classes for the April 2010 cruise in the Yellow Sea with the results agreeing with those in published papers by other authors.     

土壤有机质含量估测及其影响因素的光谱分析

 土壤颗粒大小差异使土壤反射光谱产生相应变化,影响土壤有机质含量等属性的光谱预测精度。本研究准备了颗粒粒径分别为2、0.25和0.15mm的土样,测定土壤有机质(Soil Organic Matter,SOM)含量,并于室内模拟条件下测定其反射光谱。通过分析不同粒径土样的原始(Raw)、多次散射校正(Multiple scattering correction, Msc)、一阶微分(First derivative, Fd)、连续统去除(Continuum removal, Cr)光谱与SOM含量之间的关系,筛选出与SOM含量相关性最强的Fd光谱单波段(2250nm, r=0.82, P<0.01),并建立线性回归模型;利用全波段光谱反射率,以偏最小二乘回归(Partial least square regression, PLSR)方法,确立2mm土样Msc处理光谱的PLSR模型为最优模型(RPD=3.56、R²=0.90、RMSEP=1.96g/kg)。土壤颗粒粒径对土壤光谱反射率变化有明显影响,但二者之间并非简单的线性关系,可能存在一个转折点;单变量(单波段光谱反射率)线性回归模型的预测能力,明显低于全波段反射光谱(Msc处理)-PLSR模型;土样样本容量对SOM含量预测精度有显著影响。因此,根据样本容量大小,选择合适的土壤颗粒粒径与光谱预处理方法组合可以提高预测精度。     

利用自回归模型检测地球极移重力效应

同时采用4个台站的国际超导重力仪长期连续重力观测资料和国际地球自转服务中心提供的同步地球自转参数，研究了极移引起的地球重力场变化特征。利用自回归模型估计了各序列的功率谱密度和积谱密度，结果表明极移导致的重力效应的主要能量集中在Chandler摆动和周年项附近，叠积后实际重力观测与极移重力信号理论值之间的差异分别为0．4％和3．9％，说明超导重力仪可有效监测极移导致的重力变化。     

龙门山中央断裂北川-邓家一带古地震初步研究

龙门山断裂带是否存在类似汶川5.12大地震的地质记录,是地震科学工作者所关注的科学问题之一。处于中央断裂带中段和北段分界地区的北川－邓家一带,古地震研究对认识整个龙门山断裂带的大地震复发特征有重要意义。沿北川－邓家地震地表破裂带,可能有过早期活动,并兼顾是否有较多细粒第四纪沉积物,以便能较清晰地分析、判断古地震事件以及采集测年样品,所以我们在沙坝1组、和尚坪和邓家海光6组等3个地点开挖了4个探槽,并进行了断错地貌的实测,发现了该地区明显的古地震遗迹,以及该地区特殊的正断层地表破裂样式。通过探槽和实测地貌情况与前人在龙门山中央和前山断裂带的古地震研究结果的对比分析,结果显示该地区至少发生过两次地震事件(包括5.12地震事件在内),与龙门山中央和前山断裂大部分地点已揭露的古地震事件相吻合。而通过对该地区地貌侵蚀特征与地震陡坎的高度变化分析,可以得出该地区之前的地震事件与5.12地震的大小相近。