LATE QUATERNARY PALEOEARTHQUAKES ON THE MIDDLE SEGMENT OF THE LIJIANG-XIAOJINHE FAULT,SOUTHEASTERN TIBET

More attention has been paid to the late Quaternary activity of the boundary fault of the Sichuan-Yunnan block in eastern Tibet. The Lijiang-Xiaojinhe Fault (LXF) locates along the boundary of the northwest Sichuan and central Yunnan sub-blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan block. Clear displaced landforms show that the fault has undergone strong late-Quaternary activity. However there is no surface-rupturing earthquake occurring on the LXF in the historical record. The LXF crosses the city of Lijiang, one of the most important tourist cities in Southwest China. The rupture behavior on this fault remains unclear and it is hard to assess its seismic hazard in the future. In this study, on the base of the interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery, we chose the middle segment of the LXF and dug three trenches at Muzhuda, Hongxing, and Gantangzi sites to constrain the ages of paleoearthquakes combined with radiocarbon dating and OxCal modeling. The Muzhuda trench shows that at least three events occurred on the middle segment of the LXF at 7 940~6 540a BP, 4 740~4 050a BP and 1 830~420a BP, respectively. The Hongxing trench indicates that the LXF underwent two events at 5 120~3 200a BP and 2 100~1 220a BP. The Gantangzi trench reveals at least three paleoearthquakes at 44 980~17 660a BP, 7 210~3 810a BP and 2 540~1 540a BP, respectively. The events in the Gantangzi trench might be incomplete because of stratigraphic gap. These three trenches indicate that three events occurred on the middle segment of the LXF in the Holocene at 7 940~7 210a BP, 4 740~4 050a BP and 1 830~1 540a BP, respectively. Large earthquakes on the middle segment of the LXF appear to fit the quasi-periodic model with the mean recurrence interval of~3 000a and the estimated magnitude 7.5. Given the strong late-Quaternary activity of the middle segment of the LXF and a long elapsed time, we propose that the middle segment of the LXF might have a high seismic hazard potential in the near future.     

A review of diagnostic emission line ratios in the Narrow Line Region of Active Galactic Nuclei

The availability of new observing facilities both from ground and space such as the Keck 10m telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope is casting new light on the spectroscopic investigation of emission line galaxies. In particular, it is now possible to detect spectra with a significantly improved signal to noise ratio in a very wide wavelength range, from the ultraviolet to the near infrared (HST, Keck) and beyond (ISO is unveiling the far infrared domain). As we move to high redshifts, however, it is more likely that the observed spectra are given by the contribution of different components in the galaxy: in particular, this may be the case if an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN hereafter) emitting a power-law continuum is surrounded by regions with strong star formation activity. The identification of the source which ionizes the line emitting regions is then complicated by the fact that we are observing the integrated spectrum from regions which are ionized by different sources. In this paper we wish to review which line ratios may be used in order to discriminate between photoionization by young stars and power-law continuum in the wavelength range from 1200 Å to 100 μm. To this aim we used the photoionization code Cloudy (Ferland 1996) to present a series of diagnostic diagrams showing the dependence of emission line ratios on the main input parameters of photoionization models in the case of one component models with gaseous clouds ionized by (1) a stellar continuum typical of an HII region and (2) a power-law continuum typical of an AGN: these line ratios are plotted as isoratio maps for different values of the hydrogen density, ionization parameter and slope of the power-law continuum. We then show how the results may be affected by more realistic assumptions about the environment of the ionized gas: to this aim, we show the effects on selected line ratios of (a) the presence of two populations of clouds with different densities and (b) an AGN surrounded by regions with strong star formation activity.     

Bankfull Discharge Recurrence Interval in Gravel-bed Rivers

Bankfull discharge was identified in some 30 gravel-bed rivers representing in total c. 40 gauging stations. The catchment sizes cary from 4km² to nearly 2700km². Bankfull discharge value increases with basin size. In the case of gravel-bed rivers developed on an impermeable substratum, the following equation emerges: Q_b=0·087 A^1·044. Bankfull discharge recurrence interval was determined by fitting maximum annual floods (T_a) into Gumbel's distribution and then using the partial duration series (T_p) in this same distribution. Recurrence interval is below 0·7 years (T_p) for small pebble-bed rivers developed on an impermeable substratum; it reaches 1·1 to 1·5 years when the catchment size of these rivers exceeds 250km². Rivers incised in the soft schists of the Famenne show larger channel capacity at bankfull stage, a small width/depth ratio and thus higher recurrence intervals (1·4–5·3 years with T_a and 1–4·4 years with T_p). Baseflow-dominated gravel-bed streams and sandy or silty rivers experience less frequent bankfull discharges, with a recurrence interval higher than 2 or even 3 years (T_p). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震动输入界面的选取对深软场地地震效应的影响

以天津和上海两个典型的深厚软弱场地为研究背景,探讨了地震动输入界面对场地地表地震动参数的影响。对于场地1(天津)和场地2(上海),分别选择7个和8个剪切波速(υs)大小不同的土层位置作为地震动输入界面,并选用Taft、Northridge地震加速度记录和南京人工波作为输入地震动,将Taft波、Northridge波和南京人工波的加速度峰值水平调整为0．35m／s^2、0．70m／s^2和0．98m／s^2,用SHAKE91程序对这两个场地进行了不同的地震动输入界面、输入地震波和峰值加速度水平的128种组合的场地地震反应分析。与从假想基岩面(υs≥500m／s)输入地震动的结果(假想的实际值)相比,可得到如下结论：(1)随着地震动输入界面深度(剪切波速)的增加,场地地表加速度反应谱逐渐地向实际值接近;(2)地震动输入界面的深度相同时,地震动加速度峰值水平越高,两者的加速度反应谱谱值的相对差异也越大;(3)对于一般建筑物,可以把剪切波速为400m／s左右的土层作为地震动输入界面;对于中长周期的建筑物,则应慎重选择地震动输入界面,最好选取υs≥500m／s^2的土层或基岩面作为地震动输入界面。     

On the correction of spectra by a displacement reduction factor in direct displacement-based seismic design and assessment

The application of some design and assessment approaches, such as the direct displacement-based design (DDBD) and the capacity spectrum methods, requires the modification of elastic design spectra by some displacement reduction factor, to account for the appropriate energy dissipation capacity of different structures. While several equations to correlate dissipation and hysteresis cycles are available, once the displacement reduction factor has been obtained, the correction of the spectra is operated reducing the displacement demand accordingly and conserving the period of vibration at each point. This procedure is here discussed and proved to be conceptually inappropriate, because the spectral acceleration rather than the period should be kept at each point. The application of this alternative procedure may result in increased shear strength demand in design and in larger required displacement capacity for the same level of strength in assessment, if all other factors are not modified. However, the calibration of the reduction factors applied in DDBD has been extensive, and the method has proved to be effective in predicting displacement demands consistent with those resulting from refined nonlinear time history analysis; therefore, a possible introduction of the proposed correction will require equally extensive studies and possibly compensating corrections in the calculation of the equivalent damping. On the contrary, an appropriate calibration of the factors to be used in the application of the “capacity spectrum” method is still being developed, and the consideration of a constant acceleration may facilitate the derivation of effective equations.     

残余位移反应谱的参数影响研究

从PEER强震数据库中选取4类场地的320条地震动记录作为输入,采用BISPEC程序对非线性单自由度（SDOF）体系（周期T=0.05—5s）进行非线性时程分析,得到相应的残余位移反应谱（Dres）,进而研究地震动特性和恢复力模型动力参数对Dres的影响,得到如下结论:①Dres谱值随震级和PGA的增加而增大;其他设防烈度的Dres可由PGA_其他与PGA_基准之比调整基准烈度的Dres得到。②场地土较硬时,场地类型对Dres的影响较小;场地土较软时,Dres谱值随土质的变软而增大。③当位移延性比μ较小时,屈服后刚度比η对Dres的影响可忽略;但当μ较大时,Dres谱值随η的增加而减小。另外,Dres谱值还随阻尼比ξ的增加而减小。④随着T或μ的增大,Dres谱值均呈递增趋势;但当μ>3后,μ对Dres谱值的影响有所下降。     

离散Fréchet距离在强震台站场地分类中的应用

当强震台站场地资料不完整时,所收集到的强震数据因缺乏准确的场地类别信息而难以有效利用。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于离散Fréchet距离的强震台站场地分类方法。将获取到的664个KiK-net台站场地按照《建筑抗震设计规范（GB 50011—2010）》进行分类,并构建2个数据集。利用数据集1得到Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地标准谱比曲线,并结合离散Fréchet距离对数据集2中的台站进行场地分类,统计分类成功率与误判率。统计结果表明,本文方法能较准确地对场地进行分类,且误判率在可接受范围内。将本文方法分类统计结果与斯皮尔曼秩相关系数法分类的成功率与误判率进行对比,结合本文方法分类后得到的平均谱比曲线,均可表明应用本文方法进行强震台站场地分类具有合理性。     

常温和压力0.1～1300 MPa下硬石膏的拉曼光谱研究

利用立方氧化锆压腔装置测量了高压下硬石膏中硫酸根离子内部S-O键的四个振动（对称伸缩振动、弯曲振动、反对称伸缩振动和变形弯曲振动）的拉曼位移,研究结果表明：在25℃和0．1～1300MPa压力范围内硬石膏未发生相变,所观察到的硬石膏各个拉曼峰的位移值随压力的增加而线性增加,它们与压力之间的关系可分别表达为：υ1018=0．0053p＋1016.8,υ417=0．0013p＋416．82,υ498=0．0044P＋499．25,υ1129=0．0052p＋1128．5,υ1160=0．0067p＋1159．5,υ608=0．0028p＋608．76,υ627=0．0036p＋627．01,υ675=0．0039p＋675．32,且伸缩振动受压力的影响比弯曲振动大。其1018cm^-1峰强度大,是石英464cm^-1峰的6倍,因此硬石膏也是宝石压腔良好的压力标定物质。     

高温高压下辉石岩的电导率实验研究

使用YJ-3000t紧装式六面顶高压设备和1260阻抗／增益-相位分析仪,在1．0～4．0GPa和773～1134K下用阻抗谱法就位测定了辉石岩的电导率。实验结果表明,电导率对频率具有很强的依赖性;温度是决定辉石岩电导率的一个重要物理参数,电导率随着温度升高而增大,lgσ与I／T之间符合Arrenhius关系式;随着压力升高。电导率降低,活化焓和独立于温度的指前因子亦降低。     

夏季新安江水库(千岛湖)颗粒物吸收光谱特征分析

通过对2013年夏季新安江水库(千岛湖)53个站点悬浮颗粒物的吸收光谱进行研究,系统分析了总颗粒物吸收系数ap(λ)、非藻类颗粒物吸收系数ad(λ)和浮游藻类光谱吸收系数aph(λ)的变化规律以及影响因素.结果表明:总颗粒物吸收除西北河流区上游段外,其他各站点均呈现出明显的浮游藻类吸收特性,反映新安江水库总颗粒物中浮游藻类贡献较高.全库ap(440)在0.068 ～0.629 m-1之间变化,西北河流区总颗粒物吸收系数显著大于其他水域,而湖泊区与西南河流区则显著小于其他水域.非藻类颗粒物吸收光谱随着波长增加大致呈现出指数函数衰减的规律,其光谱斜率Sd均值为8.52±1.62μm-1,存在显著的空间差异,但整体偏低,与新安江水库无机颗粒物含量低有关.ad (440)与浮游藻类色素浓度存在显著的线性相关,表明夏季新安江水库非藻类颗粒物可能主要来源于浮游藻类降解.浮游藻类的光谱吸收在440和675 nm附近有明显的吸收峰.aph(440)和aph(675)存在显著的空间差异,其与浮游藻类色素浓度存在极显著的正线性关系,而与总悬浮颗粒物浓度相关性较弱.