Sequence analysis and quantitative detection of Norwalk-like viruses in cultured oysters of China

We isolated 4 Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) contaminated oysters from 33 Chinese oysters collected from local commer-cial sources of Shandong Province. After amplification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of NLVs genomes with RT-PCR, the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the RdRp was sequenced and subjected to multiple-sequence alignment. The re-suits showed that NLVs in the four isolates belong to genogroup Ⅱ. The sequence comparison showed that the similarity between four Chinese oyster isolates were higher than 99.0%, which indicated that NLVs prevalent in close areas have high homogeneity in genome sequences. In addition, the most conserved sequences between diverse NLVs were used to design primers and TaqMan probes, then the real-time quantitative PCR assay was performed. According to the standard curve of GII NLVs, the original amounts (copies) of NLVs in positive patient's fecal isolate, positive Japanese oyster isolate, and the Chinese oyster isolate were 8.9×108, 1.25×108 and 4.7×101 respectively. The detecting limit of NLVs was 1×101 copies. This study will be helpful for routine diagnosis of NLVs pathogens in foods and thus for avoiding food poisoning in the future.     

应用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应检测鱼类病毒性出血性败血症病毒(VHSV)

参照鱼类病毒性出血性败血症病毒序列,根据PCR引物设计的原则,设计巢式PCR引物,采用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法,对如何快速检测鱼类病毒性出血性败血症病的方法进行了较为系统的研究,并对RT-PCR的反应条件进行了优化.结果表明,巢式RT-PCR扩增获得279bp的特异性片断,阴性对照无扩增条带.巢式RT-PCR扩增出的特异性片段经测序分析,结果证实与报道的序列完全一致.该方法最低可检测出0.1pg的鱼类病毒性出血性败血症病毒RNA.初步建立了VHSV的巢式RT-PCR检测方法,该方法灵敏、特异,可为VHSV的检测提供一个快速、有效的手段.     

Lambert problem solution in the hill model of motion

The goal of this paper is obtaining a solution of the Lambert problem in the restricted three-body problem described by the Hill equations. This solution is based on the use of pre determinate reference orbits of different types giving the first guess and defining the sought-for transfer type. A mathematical procedure giving the Lambert problem solution is described. This procedure provides step-by-step transformation of the reference orbit to the sought-for transfer orbit. Numerical examples of the procedure application to the transfers in the Sun–Earth system are considered. These examples include transfer between two specified positions in a given time, a periodic orbit design, a halo orbit design, halo-to-halo transfers, LEO-to-halo transfer, analysis of a family of the halo-to-halo transfer orbits. The proposed method of the Lambert problem solution can be used for the two-point boundary value problem solution in any model of motion if a set of typical reference orbits can be found.     

最小二乘定权方法对流动重力计算结果的影响

在处理流动重力观测数据时,采用最小二乘方法解算由权系数和观测值组成的超定方程组,得到最优权值,并利用最优权计算重力值。结果表明,等权方法计算得到的结果点值精度不高,但包含了较全的重力异常地震分析预报信息;不等权方法计算得到的结果点值精度较高,但削弱了有用的重力异常地震分析预报信息;最小二乘方法计算得到的结果不但有较高的点值精度,对M_S4.0及以上地震的分析预报效果也最优。     

The effect of tidal inlets on open coast storm surge hydrographs

Bridge scour modeling requires storm surge hydrographs as open ocean boundary conditions for coastal waters surrounding tidal inlets. These open coast storm surge hydrographs are used to accurately determine both horizontal and vertical circulation patterns, and thus scour, within the inlet and bay for an extreme event. At present, very little information is available on the effect that tidal inlets have on these open coast storm surge hydrographs. Furthermore, current modeling practice enforces a single design hydrograph along the open coast boundary for bridge scour models. This study expands on these concepts and provides a more fundamental understanding on both of these modeling areas.     

Internal generation of waves: Delta source function method and source term addition method

In this study, we investigate two internal wave generation methods in numerical modeling of time-dependent equations for water wave propagation, i.e., delta source function method and source term addition method, the latter of which has been called the line source method in literatures. We derive delta source functions for the Boussinesq-type equations and extended mild-slope equations. By applying the fractional step splitting method, we show that the delta source function method is equivalent to the source term addition method employing the energy velocity. This suggests that the energy velocity should be used rather than the phase velocity for the transport of incident wave energy in the source term addition method. Finally, the performance of the delta source function method is verified by accurately generating nonlinear cnoidal waves as well as linear waves for horizontally one-dimensional cases.     

A Compact Explicit Difference Scheme of High Accuracy for Extended Boussinesq Equations

Presented here is a compact explicit difference scheme of high accuracy for solving the extended Boussinesq equations.For time discretization,a three-stage explicit Runge-Kutta method with TVD property is used at predicting stage,a cubic spline function is adopted at correcting stage,which made the time discretization accuracy up to fourth order;For spatial discretization,a three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order accuracy is employed.The extended Boussinesq equations derived by Beji and Nadaoka are solved by the proposed scheme.The numerical results agree well with the experimental data.At the same time,the comparisons of the two numerical results between the present scheme and low accuracy difference method are made,which further show the necessity of using high accuracy scheme to solve the extended Boussinesq equations.As a valid sample,the wave propagation on the rectangular step is formulated by the present scheme,the modelled results are in better agreement with the experimental data than those of Kittitanasuan.     

Numerical simulation of wave-induced currents combined with parabolic mild-slope equation in curvilinear coordinates

Researches on breaking-induced currents by waves are summarized firstly in this paper. Then, a combined numerical model in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is presented to simulate wave-induced current in areas with curved boundary or irregular coastline. The proposed wave-induced current model includes a nearshore current module established through orthogonal curvilinear transformation form of shallow water equations and a wave module based on the curvilinear parabolic approximation wave equation. The wave module actually serves as the driving force to provide the current module with required radiation stresses. The Crank-Nicolson finite difference scheme and the alternating directions implicit method are used to solve the wave and current module, respectively. The established surf zone currents model is validated by two numerical experiments about longshore currents and rip currents in basins with rip channel and breakwater. The numerical results are compared with the measured data and published numerical results.     

关于二阶伴随模型的理论研究

Hesse矩阵-目标函数关于控制变量的二阶偏导数形成的矩阵,在变分数据同化过程中以及敏感性分析等方面起着重要的作用;它可以通过建立数学模型的一阶和二阶伴随模型求得.以浅水方程模型为例,利用泛函的Gâteaux微分和Hilbert空间上伴随算子的概念,导出了一阶和二阶伴随模型并由此得到Hesse矩阵.改进了Zhi Wang等(1992)建立的二阶伴随模型理论.     

α-1,4-葡聚糖裂解酶的动力学性质研究

红藻中的α-1,4-葡聚糖裂解酶是红藻淀粉的降解酶,除了 红藻淀粉外,它还可以作用于多种底物。文中分别以PNPG和可溶性淀粉作底物,以龙须菜的 几个品系作为材料,研究了该酶促反应的动力学方面的性质。以 PNPG作为底物,该酶在60m in内酶促反应速度与保温时间成线性关系;在野生型龙须菜品系中该酶的最适反应温度是50 ℃,在两种突变型品系中是40℃;最适pH范围在4.4～5.5;底物浓度是4mmol/L时达到最大反 应速度;葡萄糖对该酶促反应有明显的抑制作用。以可溶性淀粉作为底物,在反应60 min内 酶反应速度与保温时间成线性关系;最适反应温度为50℃;最适pH范围在5.0～5.8;底物浓 度是8mg/mL时达到最大反应速度;葡萄糖对可溶性淀粉的抑制作用比对PNPG的弱。