Discrete element modelling of material non‐coaxiality in simple shear flows

We investigate the quasi‐static simple shear flow of a two‐dimensional assembly of cohesionless particles using discrete element method (DEM) simulations. We focus on the unsteady flow regime where the solid would experience significant evolution of stresses, mobilised shear strength and dilation. We construct the DEM model using a discretised‐wall confined granular cell where the apparent boundary is allowed to dilate or contract synchronously with the confined solid. A rather uniform simple shear field is achieved across the whole assembly, which benefits rheological studies in generalising constitutive laws for continuum methods. We examine two aspects of the simple shear behaviour: macroscopic stress and strain rate evolution, particularly the non‐coaxiality between the principal directions of the two; and micromechanics such as evolution of fabric. For an initially anisotropic specimen sheared under constant normal pressure, the direction of principal stress rotates towards that of the principal strain rate, gradually reducing the degree of non‐coaxiality from about 45° to fluctuating around 0°. The rate in approaching coaxiality is slower in samples with larger initial porosity, stress ratio and mean stress. Generally, a faster rate in approaching coaxiality in simple shear is observed in a more dilatant sample, which often shows a larger degree of mobilised fabric anisotropy, suggesting the possible important role of instantaneous internal friction angle. The evolution of principal fabric direction resembles that of the principal stress direction. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非均质土坝稳定性的渗流场和应力场耦合分析

綦于多孔介质的渗流特性和土的非线性本构关系，研究了渗流场与应力场的耦合效应，并针对一实际十坝建立了非线性耦合分析模型，探讨了位于软基之上的非均质土坝的渗流与应力耦合规律。分析结果表明，在渗流作用下，坝休和坝基中渗流与应力的相互作用是不应忽视的，其作用结果将会使土坝、特别足防渗心端附近应力水平和渗透坡降均有不同程度的提高，表明考虑渗流场和应力场耦合作用的计算结果对土坝稳定安全性不利。     

Geochemistry and environment evolution of Core E in the Laizhou Bay since last stage of Middle Pleistocene

IwrincrIONOn the evolution of palcoenvironment, salt-water encroachmnt and the distributionof subsurface brine in the LaizhOu Bay area, many researches had been carried out, and muchknowledge abeut the gcolOgical features in this area since Late QUaternary was aCquired' ) (H8nand Wu, l992; Han and Meng, l994; Wen et al. l989). However there was IittIe studyon the sediment geOChemical characteristics since Quaternary. In this Paper, the element strati-graphic characteristics and evolut…     

中酸性岩浆体系成矿流体及微量元素地球化学特征

从流体成矿作用角度出发，与酸性岩浆体系有关的成矿流体可以分为：酸性岩浆硅酸盐熔融体，岩浆一热液过渡阶段硅酸盐熔融体及其分异的流体，酸性岩浆熔体分异形成的热水成矿溶液。酸性岩浆体系主要提供热源和部分矿质，其提供的热源驱动地下水淋滤、萃取围岩中的成矿物质形成地下水热液成矿流体。变质岩混合岩化形成花岗质岩浆过程中所形成的混合岩化成矿流体。在此基础上，讨论了上述不同成矿流体的微量元素地球化学特征及其对成矿的控制作用。     

辽西义县四合屯义县组中部湖相沉积岩地球化学及物源特征

辽西北票上园镇四合屯地区义县组沉积层是热河生物群珍稀化石的重要产出层位之一, 其中蕴含丰富的地壳演化和古地理环境演化信息.分析了四合屯剖面上12m厚的含鸟化石沉积岩层的50件样品的微量元素组成和其中10件样品的主量元素组成.结合前人已发表数据, 得出以下认识: (1) 该套沉积岩具有与下伏火山岩类似的地球化学特征: Mg#值较高, 大离子亲石元素含量较高.稀土元素的分异程度较高, 在微量元素分布蛛网图中表现为明显的Nb负异常和Pb正异常等.因此我们认为义县组高镁火山岩构成了该沉积岩的主要源区之一; (2) 样品的Eu/Eu*=0.48~1.81, 其中大部分样品具负Eu异常.正的Eu异常(7件样品) 主要由于含有长石造成; (3) 通过微量元素Th-Co-Zr/10沉积构造环境判别图解对区域构造环境进行分析, 结果表明该沉积岩物源区具有大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘物源特征.      

A geochemical survey of trace elements in agricultural and non-agricultural topsoil in Dexing area,China

In China, soil pollution is very serious, which has jeopardized the ecology, food safety, the people's health, and even the sustainable development of agriculture. In order to investigate the soil pollution situation, a total of 874 agricultural and non-agricultural topsoil samples were collected from Dexing area, northeast of Jiangxi Province, China. The total elemental concentrations of 17 elements (As, Hg, Mo, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ti, Pb, Fe, Ca, K, Si, Al, Mg, and Na) were determined. The geochemical background and threshold was predicted with the method of the median ± median absolute deviation (MAD). The agricultural soil median concentration of trace elements was similar to that of the non-agricultural soil. In contrast to Jiangxi soil background of trace elements, the geochemical background of the study area was obviously higher. The maps of the pollution indices for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ti and Zn of non-agricultural soil and agricultural soils in the study area, showed that the highest level of pollution is distributed near and along the Lean River, especially in the neighboring and surrounding Dexing and Leping mining area.     

六盘山盆地白垩系马东山组泥页岩稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

以六盘山盆地白垩系马东山组泥页岩为研究对象,通过稀土地球化学元素测试分析,结果表明六盘山盆地马东山组泥页岩REE为125.2×10-6～175.1×10-6,均值为153.4×10-6,略低于北美页岩;∑LREE为114.4×10-6～160.6×10-6,均值140.2×10-6,∑HREE值为10.78×10-6～...     

某电厂铁路边坡稳定性分析

本文以某电厂铁路沿线边坡为研究对象,采用有限元法结合极限平衡法分析了边坡稳定性。通过有限元分析,给出了边坡岩体应力及应变分布,分析表明,边坡岩体加荷后未发现大剪应变的贯通区。刚体极限平衡法评价了沿节理滑动的边坡稳定性,三个剖面边坡稳定性系数均大于1.4。安全系数均符合相关规范要求,计算结果为边坡加固设计提供了重要依据。     

Elasto-viscoplastic finite element study of the effect of degradation on bearing capacity of footing on clay ground

The bearing capacity of footing has been studied by both conventional and numerical methods by many researchers. However, degradation of the microstructure of material, that is, a change in the microstructure of the soil, has not been adequately taken into account. Degradation of microstructure causes strain softening of materials and it leads to strain localization such as shear bands and slip bands. From an engineering point of view the strain localization is crucial because it is a precursor of failure. In the present study, finite element analyses of the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation on homogeneous and inhomogeneous saturated clay strata have been conducted using an elasto-viscoplastic soil constitutive model of microstructure change. A series of analyses of footing on clay deposit with different microstructure parameters have been carried out. Numerical results show that strain localization can be predicted during the loading of rigid footing on highly structured soil and strain localization affects the footing–soil interaction. The effects of footing roughness on the failure mechanism are also discussed in the study.     

用于砾石夹层钻进的新型PDC钻头的研制与使用

无压浸渍工艺生产的PDC石油钻头钻遇砾石夹层不适应。根据砾石夹层砾石坚硬、软硬互层、非均质、研磨性强的特点，研究了新型PDC钻头，在钻头结构上主要采取外抛内锥带辅助切削齿的结构形式，在复合片上主要采用非平面结合方式，即采用双向多条直槽非平面结合。按此方案设计与生产了3只钻头，分别在3口井试用，直接钻穿砾石夹层馆陶组地层井段，钻井效率提高26%，突破了砾石夹层钻进不能使用PDC钻头的禁区。