Paleoclimatic changes in southern Africa during the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation: evidence from ODP Leg 175 Site 1085

Pliocene age sediments from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 175, Site 1085-A and B in the Cape Basin were analyzed to investigate the impact of the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (INHG) on the South Atlantic Benguela Current system from 4 to 2 Ma. Proxies for productivity (concentrations and mass accumulation rates of total organic carbon, carbon to nitrogen ratios, percent calcium carbonate, and percent biogenic silica) as well as weight percent sand (a proxy for preservation or winnowing) peak at 3.2, 3.0, 2.4, and 2.25 Ma. Normative calculations of allied trace and major elemental determinations indicate synchronous increases in productivity peaks, as well as high concentrations and accumulations of terrigenous sediments. Coeval increases in hemipelagic sedimentation and productivity indicators could be the result of enhanced eolian sedimentation resulting from strengthened winds, leading to elevated rates of upwelling and enhanced productivity. However, rapid burial, as indicated by high sedimentation rates, could also enhance preservation. The very high concentrations (>30%) and accumulations (up to 60 g/cm²/kyr) limit the likelihood that eolian sedimentation was the only transport mechanism, invoking an additional fluvial source. Rapid burial by either eolian or fluvial transport links these intervals of enhanced preservation and productivity with continental climate changes resulting from (1) increased winds and/or dust availability due to higher aridity in the Namibia/northern South Africa region; (2) lowered sea-level related to increased ice volume; (3) increased sediment load due to wetter conditions in the continental interior; or (4) some combination. Peaks at 3.2, 2.4 and 2.25 Ma are coincident with maximum precession, suggesting a link between hemipelagic sedimentation and enhanced monsoonal circulation over southern Africa. The Site 1085 sedimentary record during the INHG seems to be controlled by low-latitude processes linked to precession rather than hig-latitude processes.     

临夏黄土记录的26万年来季风快速变化

黄土高原西部高分辨率黄土序列开展的多代用指标研究,有助于揭示轨道-亚轨道尺度上东亚冬、夏季风的变化特征及动力机制。但针对同一地质记录提取冬、夏季风多代用指标进行对比和敏感性分析的工作尚不多见,因此制约了对季风快速变化特征和机理的理解。本文利用甘肃临夏85 m黄土岩芯开展高分辨率的粒度、磁化率和元素扫描分析,发现在轨道尺度上粒度和Zr/Rb比值显示的大幅冰期-间冰期波动与深海氧同位素记录有很好的对应关系,表明东亚冬季风的波动响应于北半球高纬冰量的变化。但在千年尺度上,粒度能更敏感地响应冬季风的快速变化;Rb/Sr比值和磁化率均能很好记录轨道尺度上的东亚夏季风波动,但在亚轨道尺度上Rb/Sr的敏感性明显高于磁化率。粒度、Zr/Rb和Rb/Sr所指示的东亚季风快速变化表现出较强的岁差信号,与石笋和北纬65°夏季太阳辐射有较好的对应关系,表明东亚季风变化也受到岁差直接驱动的夏季太阳辐射变的控制。在最后两个冰期-间冰期旋回中(即末期冰期旋回和倒数第二次冰期旋回)Rb/Sr及Zr/Rb比值和粒度记录分别可以辨别出与石笋相同数量级的变暖事件,但粒度记录的暖事件明显要多于Rb/Sr及Zr/Rb比值,且这些暖事件并不能一一对应。粒度及元素比值记录显著变冷的千年尺度的Heinrich(H)事件与石笋记录的夏季风明显减弱的事件有很好的对应关系,但其发生频率明显高于海洋记录。这些指标记录的千年尺度上波动信号的不一致性主要归因指标对不同气候要素敏感性的差异。未来需要进一步开展高分辨率多代用指标敏感性分析,选取对季风快速变化的敏感指标,有助于我们理解季风快速变化的特征(如周期和幅度等)和分析季风快速变化的时空差异性。     

中亚黄土沉积与西风区末次冰期快速气候变化

气候快速变化过程与机制一直是古气候研究的热点科学问题,随着不同地区高分辨率地质记录的增多,年代学方法的改进,此类快速气候变化事件的区域差异性日益突出,对比和认识这些区域之间的变化细节,有助于认识快速气候变化的规律和驱动机制。文章以中亚黄土为主要研究对象,根据黄土沉积特征与现代气候特征,将中亚黄土分为西部、北部和东部3个亚区,在总结中亚西风区黄土古气候研究进展的基础上,回顾了近年来中亚地区末次冰期西风区气候突变事件研究现状与问题,初步探讨了在亚轨道尺度上末次冰期快速气候变化发生过程和机制。结果表明,粒度、矿物学、地球化学等指标均指示中亚这3个黄土亚区末次冰期确实存在千年尺度的快速气候波动信号,但在年代和变率上存在区域差异,这种差异除了缺乏精确的年代学控制外,还与区域水热组合和区域地形结构有关。这些冷暖的快速气候变化与北大西洋高纬地区冰盖收缩扩张、西伯利亚高压强度和范围的变化导致风动力变化和西风带南北迁移有关。今后需进一步加强高分辨率年代序列的建立,进一步遴选中亚黄土中有效的、能够独立反映风力强度、源区信息、古温度、古降水等代用指标,并结合古气候模拟试验研究其驱动机制。     

基于核酸适配体功能化石墨纳米颗粒荧光探针的17β-雌二醇快速检测方法

为构建一种能够简单、快速、特异性检测复杂环境水体中雌激素污染的方法,利用石墨纳米颗粒作为荧光淬灭剂、核酸适配体作为识别元素、1-芘丁酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯作为异型双功能交联剂,构建了一种新型纳米荧光探针;并探究了构建荧光探针时核酸适配体初始投加量和荧光探针投加量对雌二醇检测的影响及最佳实验条件下检测雌二醇的效果和特异性。实验结果表明：核酸适配体能成功修饰在石墨纳米颗粒表面形成的稳定荧光探针;构建荧光探针时核酸适配体的最佳初始投加量为1.0 μmol/L;检测雌二醇时,荧光探针的最佳投加量为4 μg/mL;最佳实验条件下,相对荧光强度与雌二醇的质量浓度在50~800 ng/mL范围内成正比,最低检测限为34.5 ng/mL,且该荧光探针能实现对雌二醇的简单、快速、特异性检测。     

浒苔光照和盐度胁迫响应基因UpMYB44的克隆与表达分析

为证明R2R3-MYB转录因子在浒苔响应非生物胁迫例如盐度和光照的过程中发挥的重要调控作用,利用实时荧光定量PCR、酵母双杂交系统、亚细胞定位等技术,研究获得了浒苔UpMYB44基因1 437 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)全长序列,编码478个氨基酸,属于典型的R2R3-MYB转录因子并通过烟草叶片转化确定其定位于细胞核,UpMYB44参与浒苔响应光照和盐度的胁迫过程,其中在低光和高盐胁迫下UpMYB44基因的相对表达量升高。筛选出了与UpMYB44互作的UpCPP5蛋白,该蛋白与浒苔的生长和细胞分裂有关,推测UpMYB44可能通过与UpCPP5互作,形成蛋白复合体参与浒苔的增殖过程。研究为日后深入探究MYB类转录因子家族调控藻类生长发育的过程奠定了基础,同时为研究浒苔快速繁殖的机制提供了思路。     

Exploring future changes in smallholder farming systems by linking socio-economic scenarios with regional and household models

We explore how smallholder agricultural systems in the Kenyan highlands might intensify and/or diversify in the future under a range of socio-economic scenarios. Data from approximately 3000 households were analyzed and farming systems characterized. Plausible socio-economic scenarios of how Kenya might evolve, and their potential impacts on the agricultural sector, were developed with a range of stakeholders. We study how different types of farming systems might increase or diminish in importance under different scenarios using a land-use model sensitive to prices, opportunity cost of land and labour, and other variables. We then use a household model to determine the types of enterprises in which different types of households might engage under different socio-economic conditions. Trajectories of intensification, diversification, and stagnation for different farming systems are identified. Diversification with cash crops is found to be a key intensification strategy as farm size decreases and labour costs increase. Dairy expansion, while important for some trajectories, is mostly viable when land available is not a constraint, mainly due to the need for planting fodders at the expense of cropland areas. We discuss the results in relation to induced innovation theories of intensification. We outline how the methodology employed could be used for integrating global and regional change assessments with local-level studies on farming options, adaptation to global change, and upscaling of social, environmental and economic impacts of agricultural development investments and interventions.     

微动线型台阵数据快速处理研究

针对城市微动探测快速实施的需求,开发了一套可视化微动探测数据快速处理软件。该软件主要功能包括微动野外观测报表校核、数据格式转换、微动有效授时数据段挑选、台阵数据截取、台阵参数计算、频散曲线提取及测线显示等,可较大地提高微动线型台阵观测及数据处理速度。沿着本文思路,可同样进行三角形台阵滚动观测数据的快速处理。     

一种加快BDS精密单点定位初始化的方法

由于BDS卫星的星座特性及卫星的轨道和钟差的精度影响,使得传统消电离层组合精密单点定位(PPP)的初始化时间较长。针对上述问题,文中对附加电离层约束的非组合精密单点定位算法进行研究。首先介绍非组合PPP算法,分析其与传统PPP的差异;其次分别利用CODE电离层格网产品,以反距离加权算法计算的站星电离层延迟、低阶球谐函数建立的区域电离层产品等作为先验信息对非组合PPP进行约束。通过MGEX观测网实测数据静态和仿动态计算表明,相比传统消电离层组合PPP,附加电离层约束的非组合PPP能够有效缩短初始化时间,同时能够获得高精度的定位结果。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON THE RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF TYPHOON HAIKUI (1211) OFF THE SHORE OF CHINA

Forecasting the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones over offshore areas remains difficult. In this article, the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model was used to study the rapid intensification of Typhoon Haikui (1211) off the shore of China. After successful simulation of the intensity change and track of the typhoon, the model output was further analyzed to determine the mechanism of the rapid change in intensity. The results indicated that a remarkable increase in low-level moisture transportation toward the inner core, favorable large-scale background field with low-level convergence, and high-level divergence played key roles in the rapid intensification of Typhoon Haikui in which high-level divergence could be used as an indicator for the rapid intensity change of Typhoon Haikui approximately 6 h in advance. An analysis of the typhoon structure revealed that Typhoon Haikui was structurally symmetric during the rapid intensification and the range of the eyewall was small in the low level but extended outward in the high level. In addition, the vertically ascending motion, the radial and tangential along wind speeds increased with increasing typhoon intensity, especially during the process of rapid intensification. Furthermore, the intensity of the warm core of the typhoon increased during the intensification process with the warm core extending outward and toward the lower layer. All of the above structural changes contributed to the maintenance and development of typhoon intensity.     

A STUDY OF RAPID DECAY TYPHOONS IN OFFSHORE WATERS OF CHINA

On the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and yearbooks of CMA tropical cyclones, statistical analysis is performed for 1949—2013 offshore typhoons subjected to rapid decay(RD). This analysis indicates that RD typhoons are small-probability events, making up about 2.2% of the total offshore typhoons during this period. The RD events experience a decadal variation, mostly in the 1960 s and 1970 s(maximal in the 1970 s), rapidly decrease in the 1980 s and 1990 s and quickly increase from 2000. Also, RD typhoons show remarkable seasonal differences: they arise mainly in April and July-December, with the prime stage being in October-November. The offshore RD typhoons occur mostly in the South China Sea(SCS) and to a lesser extent in the East China Sea(ECS); however, none are observed over the Huang Sea and Bo Sea.Composite analysis and dynamic diagnosis of the RD typhoon-related large-scale circulations are performed.Physical quantities of the composite analysis consist of 500-h Pa height and temperature fields, vapor transfer, vertical wind shear(VWS), density of core convection(DCC), and high-level jet and upper-air outflow of the typhoon. The results suggest that(1) at the 500-h Pa height field, the typhoon is ahead of a westerly trough and under the effects of its passing trough;(2) at the temperature field, the typhoon is ahead of a temperature trough, with an invading cold tongue present;(3) at the vapor transfer field, water transfer into the RD typhoon is cut off; and(4) at higher levels, the related jet weakens and the outbreak of convection becomes attenuated in the typhoon core. In addition, VWS bears a relation to the RD typhoon; in particular, strong VWS favors RD occurrence.The differences in RD events between the SCS and ECS show that for the RD, the VWS of the ECS environmental winds is markedly stronger in comparison with its SCS counterpart. The cold advection invading into the typhoons is more intense in the SCS than in the ECS, and the low-level vapor transfer and high-level outflow are weaker in the SCS RD typhoons.Data analysis shows that sea surface temperature(SST), VWS, and DCC can be employed as efficient factors to predict RD occurrence. With appropriate SST, VWS, and DCC, a warning of RD occurrence can be given 36, 30-36,and 30 h, respectively, in advance. These values suggest that atmospheric SST responses lag. Owing to this time lag,the prediction of RD typhoons is possible.