Earthquake detection in the Jiangsu region,China using graphics-processing-unit-based Match & Locate and rapid earthquake association and location*

Earthquake detection and location are essential in earthquake studies, which generally consists of two main classes: waveform-based and pick-based methods. To evaluate the ability of two different methods, a graphics-processing-unit-based Match & Locate (GPU-M&L) method and a rapid earthquake association and location (REAL) method are applied to continuous seismic data recorded by 24 digital seismic stations from Jiangsu Seismic Network during 2013 for comparison. GPU-M&L is one of waveform-based methods by waveform cross-correlations while REAL is one of pick-based method to associate arrivals of different seismic phases and locate events through counting the number of P and S picks and travel time residuals. Twenty-six templates are selected from the Jiangsu Seismic Network local catalog by using the GPU-M&L. The number of newly detected and located events is about 2.8 times more than those listed in the local catalog. We both utilize a deep-neural-network-based arrival-time picking method called PhaseNet and a short-term/long-term average (STA/LTA) trigger algorithm for seismic phase detection and picking by applying the REAL. We then refine seismic locations using a least-squares location method (VELEST) and a high-precision relative location method (hypoDD). By applying STA/LTA and PhaseNet, 1006 and 1893 events are associated and located, respectively. The newly detected events are mainly clustered and show steeply dipping fault planes. By analyzing the performance of these methods based on long-term continuous seismic data, the detected catalogs by the GPU-M&L and REAL show that the magnitudes of completeness are 1.4 and 0.8, respectively, which are smaller than 2.6 given by the local catalog. Although REAL provides improvement compared with GPU-M&L, REAL is highly dependent on phase detection and picking which is strongly affected by signal-noise ratio (SNR). Stations at southeast of the study region with low SNR may lead to few detections in the same area.     

Energy considerations in groundwater‐ridging mechanism of streamflow generation

Groundwater ridging is the rapid rise of a shallow water table during a rainfall event, in an environment where, in the pre‐event period, the capillary fringe extends to the ground surface. Groundwater ridging is widely cited to account for the observed significant appearance of pre‐event water in a stream stormflow hydrograph. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain the groundwater‐ridging mechanism; and most recently, from a field study site in South Africa, an energy hypothesis was proposed, which explains that groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise is a result of rapid introduction and transmission of additional pressure head into the capillary fringe from an intense rainfall at the ground surface. However, there is a need for further analysis and evidence from other field study sites to confirm and support this newly proposed energy hypothesis. The objectives of this paper are, therefore, as follows: to review previous observations on groundwater ridging, from other study sites, in order to deduce evidence of the newly proposed energy hypothesis; to present and evaluate a one‐dimensional diffusion mathematical model that can simulate groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise, based on the newly proposed energy hypothesis; and to evaluate the importance of a capillary fringe in streamflow generation. Analysis of previous observations from other study sites generally indicated that the rate of groundwater‐ridging water‐table rise is directly related to the rainfall intensity, hence confirming and agreeing with the newly proposed energy hypothesis. Additionally, theoretical results by the mathematical model agreed fairly well with the field results observed under natural rainfall, confirming that the rapidly rainfall‐induced energy is diffusively transmitted downwards through pore water, elevating the pressure head at every depth. The results in this study also support the concept of a three‐end‐member stream stormflow hydrograph and contribute to the explanation of how catchments can store water for long periods but then release it rapidly during storm events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向市县级网站发布地震信息方式探讨

依据陕西地震台网速报信息发布流程,以及地震速报信息向地市地震网站发布的实际情况,利用"十五"门户网站管理软件,在技术上探讨了地震速报信息向市县级地震网站快速发布的三种方式.     

山西数字地震台网地震自动定位系统运行分析

选取2009年7月至2010年8月山西地震台网速报软件的自动定位结果与＂十五＂Jopens系统人机交互处理的定位结果进行对比分析,得出,速报软件自动定位地震参数与人机交互处理的编目结果基本吻合,可以作为地震速报的依据和参考。     

建立地震预警、地震报警和烈度速报综合系统的思考

如何减少地震灾害所引起的人员伤亡、次生灾害以及快速判断灾情以落实全面的防御观,是我国自汶川地震以来非常关注的问题.在建设我国地震烈度速报和预警系统的背景下,我们提出尽可能减少投资以改变传统模式、建设不需要专门观测房的监测系统,提高烈度速报和预警系统的监测点密度,实现地震预警、报警和烈度速报综合系统,为全社会提供更好的防...     

Seismic response evaluation of the linked column frame system

The linked column frame (LCF) system is proposed as a seismic load resisting system that uses conventional components to limit seismic damage to relatively easily replaced elements. The LCF features a primary lateral system, denoted the linked column, which is made up of dual columns connected with replaceable links, and a secondary flexible moment frame system with beams having fully restrained connections at one end and simple connections at the other. The linked columns are designed to limit seismic forces and provide energy dissipation via link yielding, while preventing damage to the moment frame under certain earthquake hazard levels. A design procedure is proposed that ensures plastic hinges develop in the links of the linked columns at a significantly lower story drift than when plastic hinges develop in the moment frame beams. The large drift difference helps enable design of this system for two distinct performance states: rapid return to occupancy, where only link damage occurs and relatively simple link replacement is possible, and collapse prevention, where both the links and the beams of the moment frame may be damaged. A series of 3‐story, 6‐story, and 9‐story prototype LCF buildings were designed using the proposed design approach. Nonlinear models were developed for the designs with the link models validated using recent experimental results. The seismic response of these systems was investigated for ground motions representing various seismic hazard levels. Results show that the LCF system not only provides collapse prevention, but also has the capability of limiting economic loss by reducing structural damage and allowing for rapid return to occupancy following earthquakes with shorter return periods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城镇地震应急快速评估系统研究

随着城镇化水平的快速提高,地震灾害高风险区域城镇数量不断增加,城镇人口密度增大,加剧了城镇地震灾害的风险。然而县市防震减灾工作部门大多对城镇地震应急的科技支撑能力薄弱,如缺乏专门的技术平台及时对地震灾情进行有效的评估等,影响了当地地震应急的成效。本文针对县市防震减灾工作部门在城镇地震应急快速评估工作中存在的问题,以国家可持续发展实验区丹棱县为例,设计并构建了城镇地震应急快速评估系统,为城镇地震应急快速评估提供了技术平台,可提升县市防震减灾工作部门的地震应急工作科技含量和管理服务能力。     

一次罕见冬季强浓雾天气成因分析

利用加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料,对2006年12月25~27日发生在我国中东部地区的一次罕见强浓雾天气过程从大尺度背景、动力和热力机制等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明:①本次过程大雾发生阶段近地面风速很小,在0.3~2.9 m/s之间变化;浓雾发生阶段风速在0.3~2.4 m/s之间变化;15 m能见度维持阶段风速在0.8~1.1 m/s之间变化;②虽然浓雾发生前的很长一段时间内水汽条件差,而且后期西风槽影响时也无降水,但是槽前西南气流的持续水汽输送使得强浓雾形成所必须的水汽条件得到满足;③在大雾发生前,稳定层结逐渐建立并在大雾期间稳定维持,稳定层结的建立和维持对浓雾的形成、持续有重要作用;日出后首先在较高层出现不稳定层结,继而下传到底层,稳定层结被破坏,大雾减轻或消散;④第1阶段(25日夜里至26日上午)强浓雾出现前,能见度出现多次急速大幅振荡,在第2阶段(26日傍晚至27日上午)则未出现类似现象。     

CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RAPIDLY INTENSIFYING (RI) TROPICAL CYCLONES IN NW PACIFIC WEST OF 135°E1

Tropical cyclones which rapidly intensify (ΔV≥ 20 m/s in 24 h)in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of 135°E could have adverse influence on oceanic and coastal economic activities in China, 71% of which land in China. Rapid intensification is mostly seen east and northeast of the Luzon Island. It is much correlated with sea surface temperature(≥28℃)and upper air conditions, such as enhanced subtropical high, onset of Southwest monsoon surge, invasion of modest cold air, and Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough(TUTT) etc. Abovementioned processes enhance inflows in the low level and deep convection in the area of inner core. Statistics of satellite pixels have confirmed that rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones are marked by a sharp increase in the inner core convection and stable or slowly-increasing deep convection in outer region. Non-rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones have only constant or decreased deep convection in inner core and outer region. The sharp increasing of deep convection in the inner core and the rapid warming in its upper level is a forewarning of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones.     

西北太平洋不同路径下热带气旋快速加强统计特征及影响因子分析

利用2002—2011年JTWC最佳路径资料和NCEP的1°×1°全球最终分析资料以及热带气旋年鉴,分析了西北太平洋不同路径下热带气旋(TC)快速加强(RI)的时空分布特征,并对不同路径下快速加强(RITC)和缓慢加强(Non-RITC)两组TC进行合成分析和对比分析。结果表明:转向路径发生RI频率最大,且转向路径中西转向的TC最易发生RI过程;其次是东北和西北行路径。在时间分布上,各个路径下RI的月际和日变化具有不同的位相分布特征;在空间分布上,大多数RI过程发生在菲律宾和台湾岛以东洋面,西行路径在南海北部也出现较多RI过程,转向路径RI过程多发生在转向处。各个路径下RITC与Non-RITC环境场存在较明显差异,RITC对流层上层的南亚高压相对较弱,中低层副高相对较强,对流层低层存在较大的相对湿度,且湿度大值区域位于TC移动方向前侧。不同路径下的快速加强的环境影响因素也有所不同。