煤矸石回填地基的环境效应研究

为了弄清楚煤矸石回填地基对复垦区的环境效应,以开滦矿区吕家坨复垦新村为例,介绍了地基回填煤矸石工艺,分析了煤矸石化学成分及其含量;采用室内淋溶实验,对pH、总硬度（CaCO3）、F^-、SO4^2-、Pb、Cd和Cr^6＋浓度等地下水环境质量指标进行分析,探讨了煤矸石回填地基对水环境的影响;讨论了煤矸石回填地基对大气质量的影响;参照《城市放射性废物管理办法》规定,评价了回填地基煤矸石的放射性对人体健康的危害。结果表明：通过现场振动压实试验确定了回填地基分层充填、分层振动压实参数及碾压趟数,确定按照煤矸石与土体积之比5：2进行回填,若回填一层厚500mm煤矸石,则要回填一层厚200mm粉煤灰或土,地表覆土厚度确定为0．5m;煤矸石中SiO2和Al2O3含量较高,属基性岩类,同时煤矸石含有炭、铝和CaO等物质,易发生水解和风化等现象;地基分层回填压实的复垦工艺减少了煤矸石中有害物质的释放量,降低了污染物的迁移速度,不会对水环境造成污染;地基回填煤矸石也显著减少粉尘和有害气体的排放量,降低对大气的污染;研究区煤矸石不属于放射性废物,不会影响人体健康,可作为建筑材料使用。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔自然放射性测井及其解释

为了认识江苏东海超高压变质带上地壳岩石自然放射性的垂向分布特征, 榴辉岩退变质程度对放射性元素浓度的影响, 以及放射性产热率对地温梯度的影响, 利用中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD) 主孔100~5000m自然放射性测井(自然伽马和自然伽马能谱) 资料统计了CCSD主孔各类岩石的自然放射性强度和铀、钍、钾元素的浓度, 计算出产热率曲线.自然伽马, 铀、钍、钾浓度和产热率从蛇纹岩到榴辉岩、角闪岩、副片麻岩、正片麻岩依次增大.随着榴辉岩退变质程度的增强, 其铀、钍、钾元素的浓度值逐渐增大.CCSD主孔自然放射性的垂向分布特征主要受岩性控制, 自然放射性随深度增加有增强趋势.产热率与自然伽马测井值之间有很好的线性关系, 在高放射性岩层的上部, 地温梯度会出现较强扰动和低值异常.      

Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece: chemical patterns and origin of thermal water in the thermal springs of Lesvos

The occurrence of thermal/spa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major faulting system. Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater at great depth, and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their composition. According to the diagrams of main elements, trace elements and environmental isotopes, most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as sodium, chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters. On the other hand, the concentration of calcium, magnesium, boron, lithium, etc., was affected by water–rock interaction under high temperature conditions. Moving towards the surface, thermal waters may become polluted by influx of recent seawater, allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of seawater. The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment. They also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water. Finally, they show increased radon concentrations, ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m^?3 in the eastern and southern parts of the island, and about 230 kBq m^?3 in the north, in the area of Eftalou–Argenos. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福岛核事故泄漏入海的137Cs长期输运的数值研究

The Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 released large amounts of radionuclides, including ~(137)Cs, into the Pacific Ocean. A quasi-global ocean radioactive transport model with horizontal grid spacing of 0.5°×0.5° and 21 vertical layers was thereafter established to study the long-term transport of the Fukushima-derived ~(137)Cs in the ocean.The simulation shows that the plume of ~(137)Cs would be rapidly transported eastward alongside the Kuroshio Current and its extensions. Contaminated waters with concentrations lower than 2 Bq/m3 would reach the west coast of North America 4 or 5 years after the accident. The ~(137)Cs tends to be carried, despite its very low concentration, into the Indian and South Pacific Oceans by 2016 via various branches of ocean currents.Meanwhile, the ~(137)Cs concentrations in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean decrease rapidly with time. Up to now the highly contaminated waters have remained in the upper 400 m, showing no evidence of significant penetration to deeper layers.     

柴达木盆地西缘砂岩型铀矿目标层地球物理响应特征

柴达木盆地西缘地区位于柴西坳陷构造带,断裂构造活动强烈,油气广泛分布,具有较大的铀成矿潜力.为研究砂岩型铀矿找矿目的层地球物理特征与铀成矿关系,先基于地球物理测井响应特征,查明区内砂体发育以及放射性异常范围,分析铀成矿环境;再结合能谱-地质剖面,研究不同地层岩性放射性特征;采用化学分析与伽玛测井,分析铀矿化段岩体中烃类...     

Chandrayaan-1: Science goals

The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-1 mission are simultaneous chemical, mineralogical and topographic mapping of the lunar surface at high spatial resolution. These data should enable us to understand compositional variation of major elements, which in turn, should lead to a better understanding of the stratigraphic relationships between various litho units occurring on the lunar surface. The major element distribution will be determined using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (LEX), sensitive in the energy range of 1–10 keV where Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe give their Kα lines. A solar X-ray monitor (SXM) to measure the energy spectrum of solar X-rays, which are responsible for the fluorescent X-rays, is included. Radioactive elements like Th will be measured by its 238.6 keV line using a low energy gamma-ray spectrometer (HEX) operating in the 20–250 keV region. The mineral composition will be determined by a hyper-spectral imaging spectrometer (HySI) sensitive in the 400–920 nm range. The wavelength range is further extended to 2600 nm where some spectral features of the abundant lunar minerals and water occur, by using a near-infrared spectrometer (SIR-2), similar to that used on the Smart-1 mission, in collaboration with ESA. A terrain mapping camera (TMC) in the panchromatic band will provide a three-dimensional map of the lunar surface with a spatial resolution of about 5 m. Aided by a laser altimeter (LLRI) to determine the altitude of the lunar craft, to correct for spatial coverage by various instruments, TMC should enable us to prepare an elevation map with an accuracy of about 10 m. Four additional instruments under international collaboration are being considered. These are: a Miniature Imaging Radar Instrument (mini-SAR), Sub Atomic Reflecting Analyser (SARA), the Moon Mineral Mapper (M3) and a Radiation Monitor (RADOM). Apart from these scientific payloads, certain technology experiments have been proposed, which may include an impactor which will be released to land on the Moon during the mission. Salient features of the mission are described here. The ensemble of instruments onboard Chandrayaan-1 should enable us to accomplish the science goals defined for this mission.     

Integrated Geophysical Studies in the East-Indian Geothermal Province

Integrated geophysical surveys using vertical electrical sounding (VES), very low frequency (VLF) EM, radiation counting, total magnetic field and self-potential (SP) measurements are carried out to characterize the geothermal area around a hot spring in the Nayagarh district, Orissa, India that lies in the East Indian geothermal province. The study was performed to delineate the fracture pattern, contaminated groundwater movement and possible heating source. VES interpretations suggest a three- to four-layer structure in the area. Resistivity survey near the hot spring suggests that weathered and fractured formations constitute the main aquifer system and extend to 60 m depth. Current flow measured at various electrode separations normalized by the applied voltage suggests that fractures extend to a greater depth. Detailed VLF study shows that fractures extend beyond 70 m depth. VLF anomaly has also very good correlation with the total magnetic field measured along the same profiles. Study results suggest that a gridded pattern of VLF survey could map the underground conductive fracture zones that can identify the movement of contaminated groundwater flow. Therefore, precautionary measures can be taken to check further contamination by delineating subsurface conducting structures. Self potential (SP) measured over the hot spring does not show a large anomaly in favor of the presence of a sulphide mineral body. A small positive (5–15mV) SP anomaly is measured which may be streaming potential due to subsurface fluid flow. A high radiation is measured about four kilometers from the hot spring, suggesting possible radiogenic heating. However, the exact nature of the heating source and its depth is not known in the area. Deep resistivity followed by a magneto-telluric survey could reveal the deeper structures.