哈维氏弧菌的生物学特性、流行病学及检测技术

哈维氏弧菌是1种革兰氏阴性、发光的海洋细菌,广泛分布于海洋环境中。它是最近10多年才被认识到的水产养殖动物的重要致病菌。文中综述哈维氏弧菌的生物学特性、流行病学、致病机制、密度感应系统、检测技术、疾病的防治及其应用。     

典型湖泊天然有机质与四环素的相互作用

采用荧光滴定法研究四环素(tetracycline,TC)与太湖溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)和玄武湖DOM的相互作用.三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析显示,2个湖泊的DOM含有3个荧光组分:类富里酸组分C1、类色氨酸组分C2和类络氨酸组分C3.其中C2的荧光强度远高于C1和C3,是DOM的主要荧光组成.3个荧光组分与TC发生了不同程度的静态猝灭,特别当TC浓度为45.5μmol/L时,类蛋白组分的荧光强度完全被猝灭(100%),并且猝灭作用改变了DOM分子的微环境极性.同步荧光光谱联合二维相关图谱进一步表明类色氨酸组分优先和TC发生猝灭作用,其次为类络氨酸组分和类富里酸组分.Ryan-Weber方程适于拟合DOM与TC的猝灭过程,2个湖泊的DOM中3个荧光组分的络合常数lg K值范围为5.05~5.85,大小顺序为C2C3C1.因此,类蛋白组分为主的DOM对TC的络合作用大于类腐殖组分为主的DOM,影响抗生素在湖泊水体中的生物有效性和生态毒性.     

荧光猝灭法溶解氧传感器实验室校准方法研究

针对我国目前缺乏荧光猝灭法光学溶解氧传感器校准方法的现状,以AADI 4330F溶解氧传感器为实验对象,提出了一种适用于所有荧光猝灭法光学溶解氧传感器的实验室校准方法.该方法使用一个能够精确控制水体温度的自制校准装置,通过改变通入容器的氧气和氮气比例来控制容器内的溶解氧含量,在4个温度下分别测定至少10组水体温度值、传感器相位值和Winkler碘量法测定值数据,使用回归分析进行多项式拟合获取传感器校准系数.经过实验室验证,在校准试验温度范围内随机温度和溶解氧浓度下,使用该方法校准后传感器测定值与标准值偏差在±5 μmol/L以内,达到了仪器自身的准确度水平.本方法在校准结果准确度和温度适用范围等方面都明显优于两点校正法,表明该方法具有良好的校准效果和推广应用价值.     

Development of a fluorescence quenching assay to measure the fraction of organic carbon present in self-assembled gels in seawater

The dissolved organic carbon pool (DOC) is among the largest reservoir of reduced carbon on our planet. The demonstration that DOC polymers remain in assembly/dispersion equilibrium forming microscopic hydrogels has a broad range of critical implications. Previous studies estimate that  10% of DOC could be assembled as gels, yielding values of  7 × 10¹⁶ g of organic carbon present as microscopic hotspots of high substrate concentration. This huge mass of reduced carbon emphasizes the need to develop reliable methods to systematically investigate the budget of self-assembled marine gels (SAG), and their role in biogeochemical cycling. However, a quantitative method to measure SAG in seawater has not been available. Here we present the validation of a simple assay to measure the mass of organic carbon assembled as microgels in native seawater. This method is based on the ratio of Chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence quenching between Ca bound to non-assembled organic molecules and molecules assembled as microgels. This assay can be readily implemented on board using a low cost fluorometer and provisions to measure TOC.     

海绵共栖细菌抗菌活性及其群体感应信号的研究

利用平板涂布法从南海海绵生物样品中分离海绵共栖细菌,以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及酿酒酵母作为实验用指示菌对海绵共栖细菌进行了抗菌活性筛选。利用气相质谱联用仪(GC-MS)建立了群体感应信号分子酰基高丝氨酸内酯类化合物(AHLs)的检测方法,分析了活性菌株粗提液中信号分子的产生及种类。同时采用16S rDNA同源性和系统发育分析对活性菌株进行种属鉴定和系统发生学研究。结果表明,在分离到的94株海绵共栖细菌中18株(占19.1%)细菌具有抗菌活性。通过GC-MS检测确定大多数活性菌株都含有AHLs,因此提出了海绵共栖细菌抗菌活性与群体感应之间可能存在必然联系的推测。通过细菌分类鉴定,结果显示具有抗菌活性的细菌大部分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。     

盐藻叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭产生的条件和主要组分的检测

实验用盐藻取自天津溏沽轻工业部制盐研究所,应用叶绿素我技术检测盐藻悬浮液在暗适或稳态光合作用下的荧光产量（光化学荧光猝灭ｑＰ和非光化学荧光猝灭ｑＮ的进程）和在稳态后黑暗期间荧光产量的恢复（ｑＮ的暗豫动力学）。通过改变透导光强、脉冲频率和脉冲强度,寻找适当的条件以区分光诱导期间的ｑＰ、ｑＮ和随后黑暗期间ｑＮ的快（ｑ＾ｆ）、中（ｑ＾ｍ）、幔（ｑ＾ｓ）三个组分。结果表明,ｑＮ的快相（ｑ＾ｆ）仅在相对高的     

Excitation of the oxygen nightglow on the terrestrial planets

A scheme of excitation, quenching, and energy transfer processes in the oxygen nightglow on the Earth, Venus, and Mars has been developed based on the observed nightglow intensities and vertical profiles, measured reaction rate coefficients, and photochemical models of the nighttime atmospheres of the Venus and Mars. The scheme involves improved radiative lifetimes of some band systems, calculated yields of the seven electronic states of O₂ in termolecular association, and rate coefficients of seven processes of electronic quenching of the Herzberg states of O₂, which are evaluated by fitting to the nightglow observations. Electronic quenching of the vibrationally excited Herzberg states by O₂ and N₂ in the Earth's nightglow is a quarter of total collisional removal of the O₂(A, A′) states and a dominant branch for the O₂(c) state. The scheme supports the conclusion by Steadman and Thrush (1994) that the green line is excited by energy transfer from the O₂(A³Σ_u⁺, v≥6) molecules, and the inferred rate coefficient of this transfer is 1.5×10⁻¹¹ cm³ s⁻¹. The O₂ bands at 762 nm and 1.27 μm are excited directly, by quenching of the Herzberg states, and by energy transfer from the O₂(⁵Π_g) state. Quenching of the O₂ band at 762 nm excites the band at 1.27 μm as well. Effective yield of the O₂(a¹Δ_g) state in termolecular association on Venus and Mars is ∼0.7. Quantitative assessments of all these processes have been made. A possible reaction of O₂(c¹Σ_u⁻)+CO is a very minor branch of recombination of CO₂ on Venus and Mars. Night airglow on Mars is calculated for typical conditions of the nighttime atmosphere. The calculated vertical intensity of the O₂ band at 1.27 μm is 13 kR, far below the recently reported detections.     

Adaptation to high light irradiances enhances the photosynthetic Cu resistance in Cu tolerant and non-tolerant populations of the brown macroalgae Fucus serratus

The relationship between light acclimation and Cu²⁺ tolerance was studied in two populations of Fucus serratus known to be naturally non-tolerant and tolerant to Cu²⁺. Acclimation to high irradiances increased the photosynthetic tolerance to Cu²⁺. The xanthophyll cycle was apparently not involved in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against Cu²⁺ toxicity, as results showed that Cu²⁺ did not induce dynamic photoinhibition. The higher photosynthetic Cu²⁺ resistance of high light algae did not result in increased growth. The excess energy acquired by high light-adapted algae appeared to be utilized in Cu²⁺ defense mechanisms in the Cu²⁺ non-tolerant population. The polyphenol content of the algae was reciprocal to the Cu_T content, suggesting that polyphenol may be the primary Cu²⁺ defense of non-tolerant low light algae, acting through secretion and extracellular chelating of Cu²⁺, while the compounds do not seem to be involved in the primary Cu²⁺ tolerance mechanism in Cu²⁺ tolerant algae.     

一种AHL降解菌株的高效筛选方法

酰化高丝氨酸内酯化合物(acyl-homoserine lactone,AHL)是革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)群体感应的信号分子。本文建立1种从环境微生物中高效地筛选AHL降解菌株的方法。首先利用AHL作为唯一能源对环境微生物进行初筛,再利用顶层琼脂法和报告菌株Chromobacterium violaceumATCC 12472、Agrobacterium tumefaciensA136等进行复筛,共筛选得到21株具有AHL降解活性的菌株。对其中活性最高的菌株A11进行初步的菌种鉴定,通过形态观察、16S ribosomal RNA(16S rDNA)基因分析最终确定为假单胞菌属细菌Pseudomonassp.A11。     

测定微量铬(VI)的新方法--邻氯苯基荧光酮荧光熄灭法

基于Cr(Ⅵ）－邻氯苯基荧光酮（O－Cl-PF)-CTMAB体系的荧光熄灭效应，提出了一种测定痕量铬（Ⅵ）的新荧光方法。在pH=8.3的NH4Cl-NH3H2O介质中，该物的最大激发波长和发射波长分别是400nm和 550nm。铬（Ⅵ）量2－48μg/L[0.05-1.2μg/(25mL)]范围内与相对荧光强度ΔF呈线性关系，检出限为1μg/L。该方法可用于电镀废液、湖水、矿石中痕量铬（Ⅵ）的直接测定。