重型动力触探在振冲施工质量控制及检测中的应用

振冲复合地基以其低成本、高效率等优势已经广泛的应用于水利水电、火电、工民建、石化、交通、市政、铁路等行业的地基处理中。振冲进行地基处理的规模和速度日新月异,使得施工过程中的质量控制变得非常重要。通过对重型动力触探在振冲碎石桩工程中的应用,论述了重型动力触探在振冲施工质量控制及检测中的重要性及适用性,并总结了其在工程中的应用经验。     

基于层次分析法的矿山岩土工程系统环境质量多目标评价模型

矿山开发给矿区环境带来了负面影响,对矿山环境质量进行评价是实现矿业可持续发展的必要手段。笔者建立了矿山岩土工程环境质量多目标评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定出各个评价指标的权重; 规定了分级规则,并对各个评价指标进行了分级; 建立了矿山岩土工程体系环境质量多目标综合评价模型,并将该模型应用于矿山实际,得出该矿山环境质量较差,需及时采取措施进行治理。     

基于QFD的自动气象站运行质量测评

将质量功能展开(Quality Function Deployment,QFD)方法引入到自动气象站运行质量测评研究中,建立了观测员对自动气象站运行满意度测评质量功能展开模型,通过两个阶段的质量屋结构将观测员对自动气象站运行质量逐步展开为观测员所关注的具体细节,该模型不但可以帮助自动站设计人员、业务管理人员、技术保障人员及测报员直观了解自动气象站运行现状,而且为提高自动气象站运行质量指明了需要改进的技术和方法.     

波列振幅衰减测桩法的研究与应用(Ⅱ)——桩身成型质量的检测

通过对波动、振动和尾波的特征分析，提出以足够大的力冲击桩顶，在桩顶附近记录综合波列图，利用其振幅衰减、周期变化和反射波震相等判断桩身成型质量：波列周期均匀且较小，同时波列振幅衰减较快，而又未见明显反射波震相者桩身成型良好；而有缺陷如断裂、缩径等时波列振幅衰减变慢，反射波震相明显，且有大周期出现.它对桩的浅部（特别是桩顶下5米以内的）缺陷检测特别有效.另外利用动态PS曲线也可判断桩身成型质量：曲线较平滑者，桩身成型良好；曲线出现弯折者桩身存在缺陷，缺陷程度可参照承载力受影响大小确定.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in are this Article Northern Waters . Clive Archer and David Scivener , EDS. Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment . P. A. Burrough . The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Environment Canada , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Brock University , AND Northwestern University . Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State. Rays Hudson AND Jim Lewis , EDS. Hazards: Technology and Fairness. Robert W. Kates and Alvin M. Weinberg . The Price of War. Urbanization in Vietnam 1954–85. Nigel Thrift and Dean Forbes . Population Structures and Models: Developments in Spatial Demography. Robert Woods and Philip Rees , EDS. Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region-An Earth-Science Perspective. J. I. Ziony , ed .     

不同气象条件下烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响研究

利用2006年春节期间北京城近郊区主要污染物（SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2．5）浓度和气象资料,分析了烟花爆竹禁放改限放后对空气质量的影响。结果表明：除夕和元宵节大量燃放烟花爆竹导致颗粒物浓度在短时内快速上升,但对S02和N02浓度的影响不明显。春节期间21：00-02：00为颗粒物浓度受燃放烟花爆竹影响最大的时段,其间PM25浓度最高可达该时段内月平均值的6倍,受燃放高峰的影响城近郊区6h平均PM10浓度超过400μg／m^3。城市人类活动集中区和远郊区细粒子浓度对比显示,元宵节城区PM25小时浓度高达718μg／m^3,比远郊区高500μg／m^3以上。气象条件仍是影响春节期间整体空气质量的主要因素,特别是持续高浓度污染主要与小风、逆温、高湿等不利污染物扩散的稳定天气有关。除夕在集中燃放烟花爆竹后,由于存在有利扩散的气象条件,颗粒物浓度很快降低,没有造成持续性的污染,而元宵节前后持续性的空气污染是稳定天气和长时间燃放爆竹以及局地生产生活排放的污染物共同造成的结果。     

阜新市海州露天矿区开采对空气质量的影响

利用遥感技术可快速、准确、大范围地监测矿山开发状况和了解矿区生态环境现状。以Landsat TM和CBERS卫星影像为主要数据来源,采用栅格数据、遥感数据与统计数据相结合的内业处理与外业调查相结合的技术路线,通过目视解译、人机交互解译、计算机自动识别等遥感信息提取技术和遥感影像处理,分析近20 a阜新市海州露天矿矿区面积变化趋势及近5a来对当地空气质量的影响。结果表明:阜新市海州露天矿矿区面积逐年减小,当地空气质量逐年优化。由此可见,露天矿矿区面积的减小对于当地空气质量的改善起到了一定的推动作用。     

Stream water chemistry and quality along an upland–lowland rural land-use continuum, south west England

This study examined stream water quality across a range of catchments which are representative of the key environments and land uses of rural south-west England. These catchments included: (a) an acidic upland headwater catchment, rising on the moorlands of Dartmoor, with low-intensity sheep rearing; (b) a headwater catchment rising on the weathered granite lower slopes of Dartmoor, with cattle farming; (c) a lowland headwater clay catchment with sub-surface drainage and high intensity livestock farming, fodder crop cultivation, and hard-standing/slurry storage; and (d) the main River Taw, a lowland river system receiving drainage from a range of tributaries, exemplified by the above catchment types. Variations in water chemistry and quality were observed along an upland–lowland transition, from headwater streams to the main river channel. Within the livestock-dominated headwater streams, total phosphorus (TP) was dominated by particulate phosphorus (PP). These PP concentrations appeared to be mainly linked to two sets of processes: (1) in-stream sediment precipitation with sorption/co-precipitation of phosphate and/or localised in-channel mobilisation of sediment (by cattle or channel-clearing operations) under low flow conditions, and (2) sediment erosion and transportation associated with near-surface runoff during storm events. Under baseflow conditions, in-stream and/or riparian processes played a significant role in controlling general nutrient chemistry, particularly in the headwater streams which were heavily impacted by livestock.     

Using a groundwater quality negotiation support system to change land-use management near a drinking-water abstraction in the Netherlands

A negotiation support system (NSS) was developed to solve groundwater conflicts that arose during land-use management. It was set up in cooperation with the stakeholders involved to provide information on the impact of land use, e.g., agriculture, nature (forested areas), recreation, and urban areas, on the quality of both infiltrating and abstracted groundwater. This NSS combined simulation programs that calculate (1) the concentrations of nitrate in shallow groundwater for each land-use area and (2) the transport of nitrate in the groundwater-saturated zone. The user interface of the NSS enabled scenario analyses. The NSS was validated at a drinking-water abstraction near Holten (the Netherlands) using a spatial planning process aimed at sustainable land-use and groundwater-resource management. Two land-use scenarios were considered: a base scenario reflecting the autonomous development and an adapted land-use scenario. The calculated results for shallow groundwater provided an explicit spatial overview of the impact of historical land use and N application on the quality of abstracted groundwater as well as insight into the impact of changes in land use and N application. Visualization of the conflicting interests of agriculture and the drinking-water abstraction helped all stakeholders accept the necessary changes in land use identified by the adapted land-use scenario of the NSS. These changes were included in the preferred land-use management option in the regional planning process, which has since been formalized. The NSS provided system insight, scoping analyses, and education, in addition to generating quantitative information on the impact of land-use functions on groundwater quality.