Early Jurassic anoxic conditions and organic accumulation in the eastern Tethys

The Bilong Co oil shale, located in the South Qiangtang depression, northern Tibet Plateau, may record the Early Jurassic anoxic event in the eastern Tethys. New geochemical data from the Bilong Co oil shale section are presented in order to determine the mechanism of organic accumulation and to evaluate Early Jurassic anoxia in the eastern Tethys. In organic-rich oil shales, many redox proxies including the relationship of Mo to total organic carbon (TOC), Re/Mo ratios, and pyrite framboid size distribution suggest deposition under euxinic conditions. However, the correlation between TOC and P and Mo contents indicates that organic matter accumulation was controlled mainly by primary productivity. The Sr/Al ratios and clastic influx proxies such as Si, Ti, Th, Zr, and Al concentrations suggest a continuous supply of fresh water from a nearby continent during oil shale deposition. This supply could have initiated stratification of the water so that the upper zone became favourable for marine life. Increased primary productivity could have led to formation of anoxic/sulphidic bottom waters, which enhanced the preservation of organic matter. Deposition of organic-rich oil shales terminated when primary productivity decreased, leading to more oxic bottom water conditions.     

广西高龙金矿鸡公岩矿段地质特征和构造地球化学找矿

对矿区地表至960m中段共计6个中段平面系统采集构造地球化学样品,共采集地层和构造蚀变岩样品184件,测试了Au、Ag、As、Sb、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sn、Mo、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr、V、Ti 15种微量元素的含量,编制了各元素地球化学纵剖面图和单个矿脉元素含量曲线图,综合地球化学图件分析法和格里戈良分带指数法确定了元素的纵向、横向和轴向分带序列,建立了原生晕地球化学三维分带模式。综合地质地球化学资料分析得到:硅化砂泥岩、构造蚀变岩中Au、As、Sb、Ag元素含量高,是地壳的数倍到数百倍,变异系数大,表明这些元素卷入了成矿作用,硅化泥岩是主要的富矿围岩,而矿体大部分赋存于由于成矿热液多期次强烈活动而形成的石英岩和构造角砾岩中。矿区原生晕轴向分带序列为:As、Pb、Mo、Sn、Cu、Au、Ag、Mn、Zn、Sb。与矿体北西向侧伏规律一致,矿区地球化学异常体亦具向北西侧伏的趋势。根据元素地球化学纵剖面图中主成矿元素异常高值带向下延伸未封闭,矿体向下未尖灭、特征前缘晕元素Sb和成矿晕元素Zn出现在矿尾晕等特征说明,矿体向下仍有一定的延伸,已知矿体北西侧深部是下一步找矿勘探的重点区域。     

山东黄埠岭金矿床7 号脉原生晕地球化学特征

黄埠岭金矿床是蚕庄金矿的主要生产采区之一,已开采黄金金属量1. 6 t 以上。利用原生晕地球化学研究对危机矿山进行深部矿体定位预测以解决后备储量不足的问题。黄埠岭金矿床7 号脉原生晕地球化学的指示元素相关性、元素组合、元素含量空间分布等特征研究表明: 因子得分F4、F5 增高可作为矿体上部的标志; 而Hg /Ni 等累加指数值增高时为矿体的上部,反之为矿体的下部。本研究还评价了其深部含矿性并圈定了3 个深部靶区。     

Camera derived vegetation greenness index as proxy for gross primary production in a low Arctic wetland area

The Arctic is experiencing disproportionate warming relative to the global average, and the Arctic ecosystems are as a result undergoing considerable changes. Continued monitoring of ecosystem productivity and phenology across temporal and spatial scales is a central part of assessing the magnitude of these changes. This study investigates the ability to use automatic digital camera images (DCIs) as proxy data for gross primary production (GPP) in a complex low Arctic wetland site. Vegetation greenness computed from DCIs was found to correlate significantly (R² = 0.62, p < 0.001) with a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) product derived from the WorldView-2 satellite. An object-based classification based on a bi-temporal image composite was used to classify the study area into heath, copse, fen, and bedrock. Temporal evolution of vegetation greenness was evaluated and modeled with double sigmoid functions for each plant community. GPP at light saturation modeled from eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements were found to correlate significantly with vegetation greenness for all plant communities in the studied year (i.e., 2010), and the highest correlation was found between modeled fen greenness and GPP (R² = 0.85, p < 0.001). Finally, greenness computed within modeled EC footprints were used to evaluate the influence of individual plant communities on the flux measurements. The study concludes that digital cameras may be used as a cost-effective proxy for potential GPP in remote Arctic regions.     

国家基本比例尺地图图名存储与应用

国家基本比例尺地图通常采用标准分幅的方式进行统一编号和管理。对于我国7种基本比例尺分幅下的庞大图幅量而言,如何解决大数据量情况下图名和图幅号的高效存储,是制图和地图管理中要解决的难题之一。本文提出了一种基于四叉树思想的国家基本比例尺地图空间数据库框架结构,为地图的存储、检索、管理和应用提出了新的解决方案,并探讨了该方案的优越性和具体应用。     

Using embodied HANPP to analyze teleconnections in the global land system: Conceptual considerations

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 109(2):119–130, 2009

In our rapidly globalizing world economy activities in one region have increasingly important effects on ecological, economic or social processes elsewhere, an effect which we here denote as ‘teleconnections’ between different regions. Biomass trade, one of the causes behind such teleconnections, is currently growing exponentially. Integrated analyses of changes in the global land system are high on the agenda of sustainability science, but a methodological framework for a consistent allocation of environmental burdens related to the consumption and production of biomass between regions has not been put forth to date. The concept of the ‘embodied human appropriation of net primary production’ (abbreviated ‘embodied HANPP’ or ‘eHANPP’) allows for the assessment of the ‘upstream’ effects on ecosystem energetics associated with a particular level of biomass consumption or with a given biomass-based product. This concept is based on HANPP and its two components: (1) productivity changes resulting from land conversion (ΔNPP_LC), and (2) harvest of biomass in ecosystems (NPP_h). HANPP, defined as the sum of ΔANPP_LC and NPP_h in any given territory, is indicative of the intensity with which humans use the land for their purposes. eHANPP is defined as the NPP appropriated in the course of biomass production, encompassing losses along the production chain as well as productivity changes induced through land conversion or harvest. By making the pressure exerted on ecosystems associated with imports and exports visible, eHANPP allows for the analysis of teleconnections between producing and consuming regions. This article puts forward the eHANPP concept, illustrates its utility for integrated socioecological land-change research based on top-down data on global HANPP and biomass consumption, and discusses the possibilities and challenges related to its quantification in bottom-up approaches.     

Challenges related to interdisciplinary use of digital mapping technology in primary and lower secondary schools

The article reviews some learning objectives in the Norwegian core curriculum for four subjects in compulsory school education, namely science, social science, mathematics, and physical education. The subjects are examined with respect to maps, including map use, digital mapping tools, coordinate systems, and scales. Primary and lower secondary school pupils’ knowledge of maps was investigated before and after a group mapping project. Among three indicators, two showed statistically significant improvements in the pupils’ level of confidence when studying data with the aid of maps. The learning outcome is discussed in an inquiry-based and interdisciplinary pedagogical frame. In addition, the findings reveal that the four subjects have significantly different objectives and rates of progression regarding maps and map use. Based on the results of the group project, the author argues in favour of bringing the four curricula into more parallel learning curves. In order to facilitate interdisciplinary projects, he considers it would be interesting to coordinate the different subject curricula in the future, and recommends that attempts should be made to harmonise competence objectives that are part of several subjects in order to facilitate interdisciplinary projects in the next revision of the core curriculum in Norway.     

湖泊沼泽化与水生植物初级生产力研究进展

湖泊水生植物初级生产力较大,其残体淤积于湖底,使得湖泊逐渐变浅而发生沼泽化,所以水位下降是导致湖泊沼泽化的重要原因.光照、温度和水文条件是影响水生植物初级生产力的主要因素,植物收割和生态清淤的方法是治理湖泊沼泽化的有效措施.针对浅水湖泊沼泽化日益严重的现象,主要从触发沼泽化的原因、湖泊沼泽化的治理以及水生植物初级生产力的估算方法和初级生产力的主要影响因子等方面,综述了湖泊沼泽化和水生植物初级生产力的相关研究及二者的关系;指出定量调控水生植物初级生产力以及加强对水生植物初级生产力影响要素的综合调控作用,将是今后湖泊沼泽化治理的重点.     

山东省昌乐蓝宝石矿地质特征

山东迄今发现的蓝宝石砂矿和原生矿位于昌乐地区。根据成因蓝宝石砂矿层分为冲积砂矿层、洪积砂矿层和残坡积砂矿层;洪积砂矿层中蓝宝石最富。蓝宝石原生矿赋存于新生代新近纪临朐群牛山组和尧山组的玄武岩中,与高钾碱性玄武岩关系密切。     

煤岩初次和二次生烃动力学及其对沾化凹陷孤北天然气成因的解释

沾化凹陷孤北地区石炭一二叠系(C-P)潜山产出煤成气,油气勘探需要搞清楚产出的煤成气是煤岩初次埋藏、还是抬升剥蚀后再次埋藏生成的.在查明该区煤岩地质演化的基础上,采用热模拟实验方法,探讨了煤岩初次和二次生烃过程中气态烃与主要单体烃生成动力学特征,发现煤岩二次生烃的活化能比一次生烃高40～50 kJ/mol,认为孤北地区C-P煤系源岩达到4200 m深度条件(R°约0.9%)才发生二次生烃作用.与煤岩初次生气相比,二次生气具有iC4/nC4＜1、n(C6 C7)/i(C6 C7)＞0.8、甲苯/苯＜1.2等特征,据此认为孤北煤成气是煤岩二次生烃形成的.