南美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)的耗氧率(ROC)、窒息点(AP)和适温范围(RT)及对非离子氨(NIA)、NO2-的LC50和SC的研究

为研究南美洲鳗鲡(Anguillarostrata)的耗氧率及其对水温、低溶氧、非离子氨和亚硝酸盐耐受性,本研究采用自制的鱼类呼吸装置测定其耗氧率和窒息点,以黑仔鳗为试验材料,探索其对水温、非离子氨、亚硝酸盐耐受性。结果表明,南美洲鳗鲡耗氧率存在昼夜变化,其昼间耗氧率为(86.46±37.77)mg/(kgh),夜间耗氧率为(123.58±22.56)mg/(kgh),二者存在显著性差异(P0.05);在15—30°C范围内,耗氧率随温度升高逐渐增大,耗氧率和水温的回归方程y=–0.1316x2+9.4507x–13.712(R2=0.9993);南美洲鳗鲡的耗氧率随体质量增大而降低,耗氧量随体质量增加而增大,耗氧量和体重的回归方程为y=0.2321x0.8334(R2=0.9979);在水温25°C时其窒息点随鱼体质量的增大而降低,均重10g、40g和160g的鳗鲡窒息点溶解氧浓度分别为(0.98±0.25)、(0.46±0.06)和(0.32±0.02)mg/L;13—29°C为南美洲鳗鲡的适温范围,25—29°C为其生长适宜水温,在一定范围内的短时低水温或高水温环境对其损伤是可逆的;水中非离子氨对南美洲鳗鲡的LC50和SC分别为12.22mg/L和1.22mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮对南美洲鳗鲡的LC50和SC分别为61.68mg/L和6.17mg/L。     

Tensile stiffness analysis on ocean dynamic power umbilical

Tensile stiffness of ocean dynamic power umbilical is an important design parameter for functional implementation and structural safety. A column with radial stiffness which is wound by helical steel wires is constructed to predict the tensile stiffness value of umbilicals in the paper. The relationship between the tension and axial deformation is expressed analytically so the radial contraction of the column is achieved in the relationship by use of a simple finite element method. With an agreement between the theoretical prediction and the tension test results, the method is proved to be simple and efficient for the estimation of tensile stiffness of the ocean dynamic power umbilical.     

Wood storage in a wide mountain river: case study of the Czarny Dunajec,Polish Carpathians

Storage of large woody debris in the wide, mountain, Czarny Dunajec River, southern Poland, was investigated following two floods of June and July 2001 with a seven‐year frequency. Within a reach, to which wood was delivered only by bank erosion and transport from upstream, wood quantities were estimated for eighty‐nine, 100 m long, channel segments grouped into nine sections of similar morphology. Results from regression analysis indicated the quantity of stored wood to be directly related to the length of eroded, wooded banks and river width, and inversely related to unit stream power at the flood peak. The largest quantities of wood (up to 33 t ha^?1) were stored in wide, multi‐thread river sections. Here, the relatively low transporting ability of the river facilitated deposition of transported wood while a considerable length of eroded channel and island banks resulted in a large number of trees delivered from the local riparian forest. In these sections, a few morphological and ecological situations led to the accumulation of especially large quantities of wood within a small river area. Very low amounts of wood were stored in narrow, single‐thread sections of regulated or bedrock channel. High stream power facilitated transport of wood through these sections while the high strength of the banks and low channel sinuosity prevented bank retreat and delivery of trees to the channel. Considerable differences in the character of deposited wood existed between wide, multi‐thread channel sections located at different distances below a narrow, 7 km long, channellized reach of the river. Wood deposited close to the downstream end of the channellized reach was highly disintegrated and structured into jams, whereas further downstream well preserved shrubs and trees prevailed. This apparently reflects differences in the distance of wood transport and shows that in a mountain river wider than the height of trees growing on its banks, wood can be transported long distances along relatively narrow, single‐thread reaches but is preferentially deposited in wide, multi‐thread reaches. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

围绕南海问题的信息权力作用过程与机制研究

2010年以来,南海争端呈现扩大化和复杂化的态势,形成环南海周边国家侵占岛礁、域外国家广泛介入的局面,进而推动南海问题日益走向“国际化”。分析南海问题中的国家（地区）间合作与冲突关系,挖掘南海问题“复杂化”的深层原因,这是理解当前南海局势、避免战略误判的重要支撑。文章借助GDELT新闻媒体数据库,提取2013—2021年有关南海问题的事件数据,利用年代约束聚类方法将南海问题划分为矛盾上升期（2013—2018年）和域外介入期（2019年以后）,并利用社会网络分析方法探讨南海问题中的国家（地区）间合作与冲突关系以及背后的信息生产网络。研究发现：1）矛盾上升期,围绕南海问题的合作与冲突主体主要为环南海国家;2）域外介入期,美国、英国、澳大利亚等域外国家结盟合作并围堵中国,中国在与域内国家紧密合作的同时,却成为冲突关系网络的核心,冲突关系复杂、合作关系萎缩与当前人们对南海问题有所缓和的认知形成矛盾,反映信息权力的作用愈发深远;3）信息生产网络中,美、英、澳等国家主导信息制造和加工过程,表明南海问题成为各信息行为体博弈的角力场。     

民勤荒漠区几种主要固沙植物群落的水分平衡特性

 为了研究在自然状态下植物群落的自然稀疏密度、水分营养面积和耗水量等水分平衡特性,选择民勤荒漠几种典型植物群落,运用连续4 a的样方观测资料,分析了天然沙蒿、天然麻黄和人工梭梭林群落在自然降水条件下植物群落的自然稀疏密度、水分营养面积和耗水量等水分平衡特性。结果表明:天然沙蒿、天然麻黄和人工梭梭林群落在当地的自然稀疏密度相对稳定。群落中成年梭梭林的年耗水量与他人在同一地区用蒸渗仪且地下水位控制在1.4 m时测定的3 a幼苗的耗水量相当,梭梭密度较他人用降水量和蒸腾量、蒸发量推算的密度偏小。实验条件下单株植物的耗水量并不等于群落中个体的平均耗水量,在自然状态下研究得到的单株耗水量较在实验条件的下结论更为真实。植物蒸腾耗水量方面研究的真正有意义的是其在接近凋萎时的蒸腾耗水量,而不是特定供水条件下的几个特定值。     

吉林春旱期降水潜在影响因子的分离时间尺度分析

基于1960—2012年的地面常规气象指标、大尺度气候指数和NOAA气候分析产品,利用功率谱周期分析、时间尺度分离分析和交叉检验的逐步回归分析等,把吉林省春旱期(4—5月)降水量分离成不同时间尺度的值,并在年代际尺度和年际尺度下分别找到显著相关的影响因子。结果表明:吉林春旱期降水存在着2~4 a的年际变化和10 a左右的年代际变化。在年代际尺度上,4月降水与前期3月南半球环球状态指数以及俄罗斯东部高纬地区的低空经向风有关,5月降水与同期北半球环球状态指数和前期4月太平洋中高纬环流有关;在年际尺度上,4月降水与前期3月混合ENSO指数和同期当地相对湿度、华东华北沿海地区的低层经向风有关,5月降水与同期北大西洋涛动指数以及局地相对湿度、地面气压有关。利用选出的影响因子对降水进行预报,估计值和真实值的相关系数分别为0.67(4月)和0.81(5月),且选择合适的影响因子比模型结构更加重要。     

干旱条件下夏玉米耗水分析

根据田间试验结果，分析干旱年份夏玉米不同发育阶段耗水状况，对比了不同日降水量对玉米田3米剖面的水分分布状况的影响，讨论了土壤失熵过程中的不同深度的水分的变化以及土壤水对玉米干物质积累的影响，为干旱年份玉米水分的科学管理提供依据。     

In situ determination on food consumption and ecological conversion efficiency of a marine fish species, Hyporhamphus sajori

The food consumption and ecological conversion efficiency of a species marine pelagic andsmall size fish, Hyporhamphus sajori, were determined by using in situ stomach content method presented by Eggers. The results showed that: (1) the fish was taken in food all day, so empty-stomach rate was very low, taking up about 4.5% of the total determined fish number. However, the fish still has significant daily feeding rhythm. A feeding peak was found 0:00 o'clock at night, but feeding level was always high in the daytime; (2) relationship between instantaneous food content in stomach and corresponding time could be described as S_t = a ·e ~(-b ·t). There was not significant difference of instantaneous gastric evacuation rate between two determinations, with average value being 0.13 × 10~(-2)g/ (g·d) (wet weight); (3) the daily food consumption tended to change in irregular waving form, with average value being (10.16×l0~(-2)±1.19×l0~(-2) g/ (g·d) (wet weight) or (55.56 × 10~(-2) ±6.51 × 10~(-2) kJ/     

不同盐度对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)呼吸代谢及体内酶活性的影响

为研究不同盐度对文蛤呼吸代谢的影响,本实验设置5个盐度(‰)梯度(11、18、25、32、39),检测不同盐度对文蛤(Meretrixmeretrix)耗氧和排氨的影响,以及文蛤的外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺三种组织中乳酸脱氢酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着盐度的不断升高,文蛤耗氧率先升后降再升,在盐度18时达到最大值;排氨率先升后降,在盐度32时达到最大值。随着盐度不断升高和胁迫时间延长,文蛤的肝胰腺中乳酸脱氢酶活力总体呈先升高后下降再升高的趋势(P0.05),酶活力在盐度39时为最高;随着盐度不断升高和胁迫时间延长,文蛤的外套膜中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力总体呈先下降再升高后下降的趋势(P0.05),在盐度32时为最高;文蛤的外套膜和鳃中乳酸脱氢酶活力以及鳃和肝胰腺中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力受盐度影响不显著(P0.05),酶活力变化也多呈现"W"形的变化趋势。研究结果为文蛤的人工养殖提供参考。     

中国对虾生物能量学研究Ⅰ——温度、体重、盐度和摄食状态对耗氧率和排氨率的影响

实验于１９９６年５月～９月对３种规格养殖中国对虾在不同条件下的耗氧率和排氨率进行了测定。结果表明,温度、体重、盐度和摄食状态对其代谢有显著影响。耗氧率（ＱＯ）和排氨率（ＱＮ）与温度正相关,ｌｎＱＯ＝０．０５８Ｔ－２．８９４;ｌｎＱＮ＝０．０７６Ｔ＋１．１１６;而与体重呈负相关,ＱＯ＝０．５１５Ｗ－０．１２６;ＱＮ＝２５．０５Ｗ－０．１９９。在盐度５～３５范围内,中国对虾（３．０２５ｇ±０．０８８ｇ）的耗氧率和排氨率在盐度２８时最小。中国对虾（３．１３ｇ±０．０７２ｇ）摄食沙蚕和配合饲料,在饱食状态下耗氧率比饥饿状态下分别提高了８３．９％和２９．３％,排泄率增加了１１３．８％和９３．６％,表明摄食时蛋白质代谢增加显著。