Investigating the Halogen Chemistry From High-Latitude Nighttime Stratospheric Measurements of OClO and NO2

Two cases of simultaneous nighttime measurements of NO₂ and OClO in the winter polar stratosphere are analyzed in order to test our present knowledge of halogen chemistry in the presence of high amount of NO₂ at low temperature. Comparisons with Lagrangian model calculations using several hypotheses are performed. First simulations, using the admitted constant rates of chemical reaction, strongly underestimate the measured OClO while the NO₂ profiles are correctly reproduced. If uncertainties in actinic fluxes calculations are taken into account, simulation results do not show a significant reduction of the underestimation. A better agreement can be achieved if the formation of unstable isomers of ClONO₂ and of BrONO₂ occurs in the cold conditions of the polar stratosphere. An approximate value of the branching ratios of the channels leading to ClONO₂ and ClOONO, and to BrONO₂ and BrOONO, necessary to reproduce both OClO and NO₂ is given and discussed.     

High‐resolution seismic monitoring of instrumented buildings using a model‐based state observer

This paper proposes a model‐based state observer to perform high‐definition response estimation in partially instrumented building structures. The proposed estimator is verified in a simulated five‐story shear‐building structure and validated using measurements from a seven‐story reinforced concrete building slice tested at the NEES‐University of California at San Diego shake table. In both cases the proposed estimator yielded satisfactory results by estimating the time history of shear forces, bending moments, displacements, and strains at various points/sections of interest. The proposed algorithm can be used in instrumented buildings for various practical applications such as post‐earthquake damage assessment, structural control, and building code calibration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accuracy of tretyakov precipitation gauge: Result of wmo intercomparison

The Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge has been used historically as the official precipitation measurement instrument in the Russian (formerly the USSR) climatic and hydrological station network and in a number of other European countries. From 1986 to 1993, the accuracy and performance of this gauge were evaluated during the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison at 11 stations in Canada, the USA, Russia, Germany, Finland, Romania and Croatia. The double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) was the reference standard used at all the Intercomparison stations in the Intercomparison. The Intercomparison data collected at the different sites are compatible with respect to the catch ratio (measured/DFIR) for the same gauge, when compared using mean wind speed at the height of the gauge orifice during the observation period. The Intercomparison data for the Tretyakov gauge were compiled from measurements made at these WMO intercomparison sites. These data represent a variety of climates, terrains and exposures. The effects of environmental factors, such as wind speed, wind direction, type of precipitation and temperature, on gauge catch ratios were investigated. Wind speed was found to be the most important factor determining the gauge catch and air temperature had a secondary effect when precipitation was classified into snow, mixed and rain. The results of the analysis of gauge catch ratio versus wind speed and temperature on a daily time step are presented for various types of precipitation. Independent checks of the correction equations against the DFIR have been conducted at those Intercomparison stations and a good agreement (difference less than 10%) has been obtained. The use of such adjustment procedures should significantly improve the accuracy and homogeneity of gauge-measured precipitation data over large regions of the former USSR and central Europe.     

Inversion Reconstruction of Gravity Potential Based on Gravity Gradients

A new method was developed for the inversion reconstruction of gravity potential. This method offers the possibility to determine the potential function and all of its important derivatives using the common inversion of gravity gradients and the first derivatives of potential. Gravity gradients can be originated from Torsion balance measurements, while the first derivatives of potential can be derived from the deflections of the vertical data. Different fields having great importance can be originated from this reconstructed potential function at any points of the investigated area. The advantage of this method is that the solution can be performed by a significantly over-determined inverse problem. Test computations were performed for the inversion reconstruction of gravity potential. There were 248 torsion balance measurements and 13 points where the deflections of the vertical are known in our test area. This inversion algorithm is rather stable. Gravity potential, the first and the second derivatives of the potential were determined for the test area by this suggested method. This method gives a good possibility for a useful geodetic application; deflections of the vertical based on torsion balance measurements can be determined for the whole area for each torsion balance stations.     

Fine-Scale Measurements Of Turbulence In The Lower Troposphere: An Intercomparison Between A Kite- And Balloon-Borne, And A Helicopter-Borne Measurement System

Two state-of-the-art, high-resolution, in situ turbulence measurement systems, which can be deployed at altitudes well above the atmospheric surface layer, are compared: the Tethered Lifting System (TLS) of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, and the helicopter-borneturbulence measurement system HELIPOD of the Technical UniversityBraunschweig, Germany, and the University of Hanover, Germany. Whilethe CIRES TLS is a fixed-point platform, HELIPOD is a moving platform.On the basis of data taken with the two systems in separate field campaigns,the system capabilities are quantified and discussed. Criteria for instrumentalrequirements are presented. It is shown that both the CIRES TLS and HELIPODare well suited for measuring fine-scale turbulence that is characterized by very small temperature structure parameters 10⁶ K² m^–2/3 and smaller) and very small energy dissipation rates (10^-7 m² s^-3 and smaller). The authors are not aware of any other turbulence measurement systems that have similar capabilities and can be deployed at altitudes of up to several kilometres. The HELIPOD is ideal for high-resolution horizontal measurements while the TLS is ideal for high-resolution vertical measurements using multiple sensors attached to a suspended line.     

STUDY ON APPLICATIONS OF C-BAND DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR IN METEOROLOGY

Theoretical study and development of a dual linear polarization weather radar in China are briefly presented.Also discussed are the potential uses of the new radar system in improving the accuracy of areal rainfall measure-ments and analysing the spacial structure of storms and distribution of hydrometecrs in clouds based on theradar observational data from the field experimcnts during the summers of 1987—1989. The results indicatethat a C-band dual polarization weather radar, after considering the microwave attenuation correction, may beemployed to quantitatively measure rainfall and to monitor heavy rain and flood events and becomes an impor-rant means to study storm structure.     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE CONDUCTIVITY STRUCTURE OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE: THIRD REPORT ON THE GEOSCIENCE TRANSECT FROM XIANGSHUI, JIANGSU, TO MANDAL, NEI MONGOL

The features of deep conductivity structure along Xiangshui-Mandal Geoscience Transect are described in this paper basing on newly obtained magnetotelluric data. Large resistivity contrasts can be found on both borders of North China platform. The depth of the crustal high conductivity layer changes abruptly from 21 km to 34 km beneath Nei Mongol fold system on the northwestern end of the transect. While it is absent beneath Subei-Jiaonan terrane on the southeastern end of the transect     

Observations and mechanisms of upwelling in the northern KwaZulu-Natal Bight,South Africa

New in situ time-series data were acquired by two ADCP moorings placed on the shelf off Richards Bay on the east coast of South Africa at depths of 25 m and 582 m between October 2009 and August 2010. The 11-month inshore bottom-temperature record revealed five substantial upwelling events lasting 5–10 days each where temperatures decreased by about 7 °C to 17–18 °C. Satellite sea surface temperature data showed these events to coincide with cold-water plumes occupying the northern wedge of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight. Numerous shorter duration (1–2 days) upwelling events with less vivid surface expressions were also observed throughout the entire record where bottom temperature dropped by 2–3 °C. The last four months of the record were characterised by a protracted cool period lacking a seasonal trend but punctuated with oscillations of warm and cooler bottom water. In contrast to earlier studies that suggested upwelling was topographically and dynamically driven by the juxtaposition of the Cape St Lucia offset and the Agulhas Current (a solitary mechanism), our analysis showed almost all major and minor cold-water intrusions to coincide with upwelling-favourable north-easterly winds that simultaneously force a south-westerly coastal current. Ekman veering in the bottom boundary layer of the Agulhas Current, and the concomitant movement of cold water up the slope, was found to coexist at times with coastal upwelling, but its absence did not impede inshore cold-water intrusions, calling into question its role as a primary driver of upwelling. Both major and minor upwelling events were observed to promote phytoplankton blooms in the northern KZN Bight which commonly extended to the Thukela River. Wind-driven upwelling was also observed in the inner bight between Richards Bay and Port Durnford, explaining the ribbon of coastal chlorophyll continuously observed on ocean colour images between Cape St Lucia and the Thukela River. Similarities in upwelling character and mechanisms are observed between the northern KZN Bight and the Florida Current shelf systems.     

荔湾3-1组块浮托安装实船监测与数值模拟

目前海洋平台日趋集成化、模块化,重量和体积都逐渐增大,使得适合安装大型组块的浮托安装法得到飞速发展。介绍荔湾3-1大型导管架平台浮托安装中使用的实测技术,对驳船的运动监测和海洋环境监测等测量数据进行分析,分析结果被应用于指导整个浮托安装过程,保证浮托安装符合安全施工标准。对浮托安装载荷转移阶段采用数值计算方法进行作业过程模拟,将计算结果与实测结果进行对比分析,两者具有较好的相似性。