Deformation Mechanism and Stability of a Rocky Slope

A high slope is located on the side of the spillway at a hydropower station in Southwest China, which has some weak inter-layers inclining outwards. Parts of the slope show heavy weathering and unloading. There appeared deformation and tensile crack either on the surface or on the afteredge of the slope during excavation, and under a platform （elev. 488 m）, two levels of slopes collapsed on the downriver side. Based on the investigation in situ and the analysis of the geological structure, the conceptual model of deformation and failure mechanism was erected for this slope. Furthermore, the deformation characteristics were studied with FLAC^3D numerical simulation. Comprehensive analysis shows that the whole deformation of the slope is unloading rebound in certain depth scope and the whole body does not slide along any weak interlayer. In addition, two parts with prominent local deformation in the shallow layer of the slope show the models of ＂creep sfiding-tensile cracking＂ and ＂slidlng-tensile cracking＂, respectively. Based on the above analysis, the corresponding project of support and reinforcement is proposed to make the slope more stable.     

Conditions of pocket formation in the Oktyabrskaya tourmaline-rich gem pegmatite (the Malkhan field, Central Transbaikalia, Russia)

Coexisting melt (MI), fluid-melt (FMI) and fluid (FI) inclusions in quartz from the Oktaybrskaya pegmatite, central Transbaikalia, have been studied and the thermodynamic modeling of PVTX-properties of aqueous orthoboric-acid fluids has been carried out to define the conditions of pocket formation. At room temperature, FMI in early pocket quartz and in quartz from the coarse-grained quartz–oligoclase host pegmatite contain crystalline aggregates and an orthoboric-acid fluid. The portion of FMI in inclusion assemblages decreases and the volume of fluid in inclusions increases from the early to the late growth zones in the pocket quartz. No FMI have been found in the late growth zones. Significant variations of solid/fluid ratios in the neighboring FMI result from heterogeneous entrapment of coexisting melts and fluids by a host mineral. Raman spectroscopy, SEM EDS and EMPA indicate that the crystalline aggregates in FMI are dominated by mica minerals of the boron-rich muscovite–nanpingite CsAl₂[AlSi₃O₁₀](OH,F)₂ series as well as lepidolite. Topaz, quartz, potassium feldspar and several unidentified minerals occur in much lower amounts. Fluid isolations in FMI and FI have similar total salinity (4–8 wt.% NaCl eq.) and H₃BO₃ contents (12–16 wt.%). The melt inclusions in host-pegmatite quartz homogenize at 570–600 °C. The silicate crystalline aggregates in large inclusions in pocket quartz completely melt at 615 °C. However, even after those inclusions were significantly overheated at 650±10 °C and 2.5 kbar during 24 h they remained non-homogeneous and displayed two types: (i) glass+unmelted crystals and (ii) fluid+glass. The FMI glasses contain 1.94–2.73 wt.% F, 2.51 wt.% B₂O₃, 3.64–5.20 wt.% Cs₂O, 0.54 wt.% Li₂O, 0.57 wt.% Ta₂O₅, 0.10 wt.% Nb₂O₅, 0.12 wt.% BeO. The H₂O content of the glass could exceed 12 wt.%. Such compositions suggest that the residual melts of the latest magmatic stage were strongly enriched in H₂O, B, F, Cs and contained elevated concentrations of Li, Be, Ta, and Nb. FMI microthermometry showed that those melts could have crystallized at 615–550 °C.

Crystallization of quartz–feldspar pegmatite matrix leads to the formation of H₂O-, B- and F-enriched residual melts and associated fluids (prototypes of pockets). Fluids of different compositions and residual melts of different liquidus–solidus P–T-conditions would form pockets with various internal fluid pressures. During crystallization, those melts release more aqueous fluids resulting in a further increase of the fluid pressure in pockets. A significant overpressure and a possible pressure gradient between the neighboring pockets would induce fracturing of pockets and “fluid explosions”. The fracturing commonly results in the crushing of pocket walls, formation of new fractures connecting adjacent pockets, heterogenization and mixing of pocket fluids. Such newly formed fluids would interact with a primary pegmatite matrix along the fractures and cause autometasomatic alteration, recrystallization, leaching and formation of “primary–secondary” pockets.     

闽北早古生代岛弧火山岩的岩石地球化学特征

作者系统地研究了福建政和早古生代岛弧火山岩的岩石地球化学特征。研究表明该火山岩是以岛弧拉斑玄武岩-钙碱性火山岩组合为特征的岛弧火山岩系列，并具有从拉斑系列向钙碱性系列演化的特征；该火山岩源于亏损地幔，并且受到一定的陆壳物质混染，基性的拉斑玄武质系列受到陆壳物质混染较少，而中性钙碱性系列则受到较大程度混染。     

基于CMIP5的东亚地区降雪量变化特征分析

利用JMA的JRA-55降雪量及CMIP5的6个模式模拟的降雪量资料, 分析了东亚地区降雪量年变化特征及年际变化特征. 结果表明: 东亚地区降雪量在1958-2004年期间具有明显的年际变化特征及区域分布特征; 降雪主要集中在11月至翌年的4月, 这6个月中降雪量占年总降雪量的82%; 年际变化特征呈现出一种波动变化略有增加的趋势, 但是增加的幅度有所不同. 从区域分布特征来看, 东亚地区降雪主要分布在东北亚、青藏高原及新疆等3个区域. CMIP5的6个模式对东亚区域及其子区域东北亚、青藏高原、新疆1850-2004年降雪量年际变化特征的模拟差异较大. 多模式集合预报的结果表现为, 在过去155 a(1850-2004年)东亚区域降雪量呈现明显减小趋势, 东北亚和青藏高原降雪量为波动略有减小趋势, 新疆降雪量为明显增加趋势.     

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的确定——以河南驻马店亚粘土为例

土壤水分运动参数的选取和确定是研究包气带中水分贮存和运动的基础.本文以河南驻马店亚粘土为例,进行了非饱和土壤水分运动参数的测定.通过将实测数据与经验模型拟合,将实验结果、计算结果和拟合结果进行了对比分析,发现所用的经验模型与实际数据吻合较好.研究结果表明选用的经验模型是可靠的,从而确定了土壤水分运动最优参数.     

河南鲁山县四棵树河流域泥石流灾害其防治

鲁山县四棵树河流域位于豫西伏牛山巨大的伏牛岩基东麓。区内山势陡峭,具大陆性季风气候,多暴雨,近期最大雨量116.9mm/h,日降雨达446mm。山洪泥石流是区内特有的一种自然地质灾害,它具有暴发频次高、暴发突然、流速快、破坏性大等特点,常冲毁道路、耕地和房舍,危及人民生命、财产安全。从对区内山地地形、气候、暴雨特征、岩性、土壤、泥石流及其造成的灾害状况等的调查、分析、研究,基本探索出泥石流运行轨迹即地表径流形成区、泥石流形成区、泥石流流通区、泥石流堆积区。根据上述特征,因地制宜地配置工程措施和非工程措施进行全面综合防治,重点对泥石流沟实施工程布防措施和山坡实施水土保持生物工程措施,对病险水库进行除险加固,从而达到标本兼治,防治泥石流灾害的发生和发展,改善生态环境,最终实现人与自然协调共处的目标。     

TBP萃淋树脂微色谱柱分离富集钼的研究及应用

研究了ＴＢＰ萃淋树脂微色谱柱分离富集微量钼的柱性能,确定了分离钼的最佳条件。在减压条件下,运用零空床体积洗脱技术,以３ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ为上柱介质,０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ洗脱,可使钼（ＶＩ）与钨（Ⅵ）、铁（Ⅲ）、锡（Ⅳ）等干扰离子快速分离,采用邻氯苯基荧光酮胶束增溶光度法,测定矿石中微量钼,结果满意。     

冻融过程对景电灌区草窝滩盆地土壤水盐动态的影响

景电灌区为干寒气候,蒸发强烈,季节冻土发育,土壤地下水位以上非饱和带毛细作用发育,在地表蒸发作用下,通过毛细作用,地下水不断地向地表运动,导致大量盐分到达地表.虽然蒸发作用下的毛细水运动在土壤水分垂直运动中占绝对优势,但自上而下的季节冻结和融化过程对土壤中水盐重分布的影响也起着重要的作用.基于冻融作用对水盐迁移驱动力和土壤结构等参数的影响,分析了冻融作用下水盐重分布的综合特征.     

断层对沾化凹陷馆陶组石油运移和聚集影响的模拟实验研究

在沾化凹陷馆陶组油气成藏地质研究基础上, 利用二维模型模拟了断层开启条件下, 断层对馆陶组石油运移和聚集的影响. 研究结果表明: (1) 断层带的流体运动方式和运动相态对馆陶组石油的运移路径和方式构成重要的影响.连续(稳态) 充注条件下, 油首先充注断层带, 然后在馆陶组上段顶部侧向运移, 最后一部分油沿馆陶组下段砂层的顶部侧向运移. 但幕式(非稳态) 充注条件下, 油首先充注断层下部和馆陶组下段→充注断层上部, 并在馆陶组下段侧向运移→充注馆陶组上段, 并在其中侧向运移. 另外油/水两相充注时, 由于水动力的作用, 导致油和水的运移出现分异现象; (2) 连续(稳态) 充注条件下, 油的侧向运移发生在隔层上部(馆陶组上段) 砂层, 而幕式(非稳态) 充注条件下, 馆陶组上、下段均发生了侧向运移, 其中单一油相充注时, 下部砂层油的侧向运移量大于上部砂层, 而油/水两相充注时, 上部砂层侧向运移量稍大于下部砂层; (3) 连续(稳态) 充注时有利于馆陶组上段砂层油的聚集, 而幕式(非稳态) 充注时则有利于馆陶组下段砂层油的聚集. 另外由于水动力作用的影响, 油水两相充注时, 有利于馆陶组上段油的聚集.      

松潘—甘孜造山带中巴西金-矽卡岩矿床成矿热液系统演化的(REE、Sr、O)证据

本文通过对巴西典型金-矽卡岩矿床的解剖，探讨了成矿流体来源、组成演化，以及流体和岩石之间的质量转移程度和机理的信息，揭示金成矿过程中成矿流体演化的规律。研究认为，成矿作用两阶段的成矿流体分别为变质流体和大气降水，它们在开放系统中水岩质量比分别为0．02，2．11，并且获得矽卡岩可能是由围岩转向岩体方向的变质流体交代形成的认识。