中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。     

迁入地资源环境压力指标体系构建与评价——以贵州省纳雍县为例

选取贵州省纳雍县为易地扶贫迁入地研究对象,构建了评价指标体系,对迁入地资源环境压力进行了评价;同时应用层次分析法确定指标权重,计算资源环境压力,并将结果划分为相对高、中、低压力区3个等级。分析结果表明,纳雍县整体资源较为贫乏,生态环境较为脆弱,人均资源量较少,造成资源环境整体压力较大;由贫困发生率与资源环境评价值作相关分析,资源环境压力与贫困发生率呈弱负相关性。     

O2-O2云反演算法及其在TROPOMI上的应用

利用遥感技术对大气环境污染进行监测时,云是影响痕量气体反演精度的重要因素,因此在痕量气体反演中需要对云的影响进行校正,通常使用的云参数主要是有效云量和云压。本文基于O₂-O₂ 477 nm吸收波段构建了O₂-O₂云反演算法：首先,根据有效云量和云高与连续反射率和O₂-O₂斜柱浓度之间的对应关系,结合假定的云模型利用VLIDORT辐射传输模型建立关于有效云量和云压的查找表;然后,通过差分吸收光谱技术拟合卫星载荷观测的大气层顶辐射,获得O₂-O₂斜柱浓度并计算连续反射率;最后,结合辅助数据,根据查找表进行插值反演获得有效云量和云压。通过将算法应用到OMI观测数据,将反演结果与OMCLDO2产品进行对比验证,有效云量和云压空间分布一致,相关系数R均超过0.97;并还将该算法应用于下一代大气成分监测仪器TROPOMI,与FRESCO+产品对比,有效云量和云压空间分布基本一致,当地表类型为海洋时,有效云量相关系数R大于0.97,云压相关系数R大于0.94,云压反演结果存在一定的区别;通过将O₂-O₂云反演算法和FRESCO+云压反演结果与CALIOP Cloud Layer产品进行对比,结果表明,在低云情况下,O₂-O₂云反演算法线性回归方程斜率为0.782,截距为198.0 hPa,相关系数R为0.850,算法表现优于FRESCO+。而在高云情况下,FRESCO+反演结果更接近CALIOP云压结果。在OMI和TROPOMI上的应用表明O₂-O₂云反演算法在大气云反演中具有较高的准确性和可行性,可以为大气痕量气体反演的校正提供云参数,并为中国同类型卫星载荷的云反演算法提供算法参考。     

Parameters affect foaming and foam stability during foam drilling

The authors presented indoor practice experiments of parameters affect on foaming and foam stability. Experiments were carried out and special equipments were used to determine foaming and foam stability; tests were tabulated and charted. The effects of chemical and physical parameters on foaming and foam stability have been conducted.     

东海围垦滩地强夯作用下孔隙水压力响应试验研究

围垦滩地饱和粉土地基属于软土地基的一种,其含水量高,渗透性差,强夯加固作用使地基土中的孔隙水压力瞬时升高,且短时间内得不到消散,容易出现“橡皮土”。通过现场试验研究了饱和粉土地基在强夯作用下孔隙水压力的响应规律,确定了两遍强夯之间的间歇时间和强夯的影响深度,以便优化强夯参数,正确指导强夯施工。     

区域可持续发展能力的能值与(火用)耦合分析模型构建

可持续发展能力评价方法是识别人地协同规律、支撑科学决策的重要工具和热点需求。通过文献回顾与理论分析框架构建,耦合能值及?方法,提出自组织能力指数（SO）、生态压力指数（EP）、可持续发展能力指数（SC）构成的,基于热力学理论的可持续发展能力分析模型,利用文献荟萃法筛选17个典型发达国家1985年状态值计算SO与EP阈值,划分了4个阶段。利用中美两国1985-2015年特征对比验证,结果显示：① 2005年以前中国属“低自组织能力、低生态压力”阶段,之后进入“低自组织能力、高生态压力”阶段,存在低生态效率、规模扩张驱动特征;美国一直属“高自组织能力、高生态压力”阶段,存在高生态效率驱动、经济与生态脱钩特征,与全球生态足迹网络和世界自然基金会等的研究结果一致,模型具有较好适应性和可靠性。② 模型利用“获得?量/输入能值量”表达经济社会生态效率、“经济社会?损耗量/生态系统年产?量”表达生态压力,连接了经济社会对生态基底的熵化路径,可识别区域所处可持续发展阶段、分析水平变化和驱动因素。③ 模型以人类与生态并重的视角,从深度上反映经济社会的生态效率、从广度上评价生态空间被占用比例,具有宏观规模与微观效率分析相结合的优势,是对经典方法的补充。     

铣削斜楔形区域形成及其对流场负压区的影响规律

【目的】研究在内喷淋冷却高速铣孔加工中,铣削斜楔形区域的形成对流场负压区的影响。【方法】对高速湿式铣削加工区域建立三维流场模型,应用计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用非结构化四面体网格单元,利用滑移网格技术对高速铣削过程进行三维瞬态计算。【结果】得到不同刃数、不同转速的立铣刀对同一孔径工件进行切削时流场的压力分布情况。三刃立铣刀斜楔形对流场负压影响最大,当立铣刀刃数增加时,此斜楔形区缩小,负压减小,转速为10 000～20 000 r/min时增长速度逐渐降低,20 000～35 000 r/min时增长速度逐渐增高。【结论】从流场角度分析,流场中最大负压值与转速呈正相关,转速的提高增加了抑制空化的难度;增加铣刀刃数,可减小流场斜楔形区面积,减小空化可能。     

Purification and Characterization of a Novel Hydrolase That Can Specifically Degrade the Polysaccharide Isolated from Green Seaweed Ulva prolifera

The extracellular polysaccharide hydrolase-producing strain EP-1 was isolated from seawater and identified as Paenibacillus pabuli. Furthermore, a homogeneous extracellular polysaccharide hydrolase from Paenibacillus pabuli EP-1 was purified by combining ion-exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography with a purification fold of 90.69 and recovery of 16.23%. Characterization of the purified polysaccharide hydrolase revealed a molecular mass of 38 k Da and optimum activity at 45℃ and pH 6.0. The polysaccharide hydrolase maintained its stability within a wide range of pH(3.0–12.0) and thermal stability when the temperature was below 50℃. The presence of Hg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺ and SDS notably decreased hydrolase activity, and organic solvents such as formaldehyde, acetone, DMF and acetonitrile completely inhibited hydrolase activity. The purified hydrolase had no activity on agar, carrageenan, gellan gum, sodium alginate, or starch, but effectively hydrolyzed the polysaccharide from Ulva prolifera. The Km and Vmax values of this hydrolase were 43.84 mg m L^-1 and 4.33 mg m L^-1 min^-1, respectively. The sequence analysis with quantitative time-of-flight mass spectrometry indicated that the hydrolase was an endoglucanase.     

基于STIRPAT模型的内蒙古沙漠化地区环境压力分析

实现经济与生态环境的协调发展,已经成为当前治理沙漠化的巨大挑战。如何定量分析人类活动和自然条件对环境的影响,是当前环境经济学界研究的热点问题。以内蒙古自治区71个沙漠化县为研究对象,以1986-2010年为研究区间做面板空间计量实证分析。选取了人口、富裕度、技术水平、风速和降水作为环境基础指标构建STIRPAT模型,从环境压力内在驱动角度定量分析不同的自然因素和人为因素对沙漠化地区环境的综合影响。结果表明:在观测数据范围内,富裕度、技术水平、风速和降水是内蒙古自治区环境压力的主要驱动因素;富裕度每增加1%,环境压力显著增加0.096%;技术水平每变化1%,将引起环境压力相应发生0.084%的变化;风速和降水每变动1%分别使得沙漠地区环境压力显著地增加0.640%和减少0.216%。     

Contribution of trimethylamine N-oxide on the growth and pressure tolerance of deep-sea bacteria

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO) is widely dispersed in marine environments and plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. Diverse marine bacteria utilize TMAO as carbon and nitrogen sources or as electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. Alteration of respiratory component according to the pressure is a common trait of deep-sea bacteria. Deep-sea bacteria from dif ferent genera harbor high hydrostatic pressure(HHP) inducible TMAO reductases that are assumed to be constitutively expressed in the deep-sea piezosphere and facilitating quick reaction to TMAO released from ?sh which is a potential nutrient for bacterial growth. However, whether deep-sea bacteria universally employ this strategy remains unknown. In this study, 237 bacterial strains affliated to 23 genera of Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were isolated from seawater, sediment or amphipods collected at dif ferent depths. The pressure tolerance and the utilization of TMAO were examined in 74 strains. The results demonstrated no apparent correlation between the depth where the bacteria inhabit and their pressure tolerance, regarding to our samples. Several deep-sea strains from the genera of Alteromonas, Halomonas,Marinobacter, Photobacterium, and Vibrio showed capacity of TMAO utilization, but none of the isolated Acinebacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Muricauda, Novosphingobium, Rheinheimera, Sphingobium and Stenotrophomonas did, indicating the utilization of TMAO is a species-speci?c feature. Furthermore, we noticed that the ability of TMAO utilization varied among strains of the same species. TMAO has greater impact on the growth of deep-sea isolates of Vibrio neocaledonicus than shallow-water isolates. Taken together, the results describe for the ?rst time the TMAO utilization in deep-sea bacterial strains, and expand our understanding of the physiological characteristic of marine bacteria.