剪切作用对页岩有机质孔发育特征和吸附能力的影响

有机质孔是高成熟页岩储层中吸附气和游离气赋存的主要储集空间类型。中国南方海相页岩地层经历了多期构造改造,滑脱构造广泛发育。为了认识剪切作用对页岩有机质孔微观结构和吸附能力的影响,以张家界三岔地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为例,通过大量扫描电镜图像观测统计,对比分析了滑脱带页岩、邻近滑脱带页岩和远离滑脱带页岩有机质孔的发育特征,同时对这三类样品进行了甲烷等温吸附测试。研究结果表明,有机质内孔发育在有机质内部,孔径一般＜20 nm;位于有机质与矿物接触边缘的复合孔孔径整体大于有机质内孔,主要发育在滑脱带页岩中包裹有矿物碎片的有机质中。受剪切作用影响,这两类有机质孔均沿一定优势方向发生形变,形态更趋于狭长且定向性增强;同时页岩甲烷吸附能力变差,从滑脱带向远离滑脱带方向这种影响逐渐减弱。剪切作用对页岩储集性能和含气性具有重要控制作用,对认识复杂构造区页岩气保存条件和富集规律具有重要意义。      

地壳中流体动力学模型研究

较全面介绍了近年国内外地壳地下流体动力学研究的最新成果。综合分析前人研究成果并将其系统化为地完尺度上地下流体动力学系统的概念模型和数学模型。模型根据影响地下流体动力特性的主要因素和介质渗透特征,把地壳渗流场分为深度小于6km的饯部带、6～17km的过渡带和大于17km的深部带。数学处理上把驱动流体运动的各种地质作用归一化为“地质力”,以地下流体运动方程中的源汇项表示。分析了不同地质环境各种地质作用对地下流体系统的作用特征。对地壳中普遍存在的异常孔隙压力现象,从流体动力学的角度进行了解释,并认为周期性地震活动是形成异常高孔隙压力的主导因素。     

Characteristics of petroleum accumulation in syncline of the Songliao basin and discussion on its accumulation mechanism

The relation between oil and water in reservoirs with low and ultra-low permeability is very complicated. Gravitational separation of oil and water is not obvious. Normal reservoirs are located in depression and structural high spot, oil and water transitions are located in their middle. Stagnation is the key fact of oil-forming reservoir in the axis of a syncline based on the research of oil, gas and water migration manner, dynamics and non-Darcy flow in the Songliao basin. In low and ultra-low permeable reservoir, gas and water migrate easily through pore throats because their molecules are generally smaller than the pore throats; but the minimum diameter of oil droplets is larger than pore throats and they must be deformed to go through. Thus, gas and water migrate in advance of oil, and oil droplets remain behind. Pressure differential and the buoyancy force in a syncline reservoir are a main fluid driving force; and capillary force is the main resistance to flow. When the dynamics force is less than resistance, oil is immobile. When the buoyancy force is less than the capillary force, a gravitational separation of oil and water does not occur. The reservoir in the mature source rock of a syncline area with the low and ul- tra-low permeability belongs to an unconventional petroleum reservoir.     

Definition and sturcture characteristics of pores in mylonitized organic-rich shales

Gas shales with a high gas content were drilled in the Lower Cambrian Lujiaping Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin,close to the Chengkou Fault in the Dabashan arc-like thrust fold belt.The equivalent vitrinite reflectance values of organic matters are over 4.0%Ro.The pore structures of the shales were investigated based on microscopy,field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)observations,and low temperature N2 adsorption analysis.The study suggests that cleavages,comprising clay minerals mixed up with organic matter and other insoluble residues,were developed in the rock layers.The clay minerals are directionally arranged,displaying a mylonitized texture.Abundant nanometer-size organic matter and clay mineral particles are well mixed in the cleavage domains,which developed the mylonitized pore system that consists of nanometer-size intergranular pore spaces,aggregate pore spaces in clay mineral flakes and pore network.This mylonitized pore system has high specific surface area,high methane adsorption capacity,and high capillary pressure,which collectively contributes to the preservation of shale gas in such a complex tectonic area.The discovery of the mylonitized pore structure in organic-rich shales may reveal a new mechanism of shale gas enrichment in complex tectonic areas with over-mature organic matter in the northeastern part of Sichuan Basin.     

Experimental studies on gas and water permeability of fault rocks from the rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China

The permeabilities of fault rocks from the rupture of Wenchuan earthquake were measured by using nitrogen gas and distilled water as pore fluids under the confining pressure ranging from 20 to 180 MPa at room temperature. Experimental results indicate that both gas and water permeabilities decrease with increasing confining pressure, described by power law relationship, i.e., b = 0.2×10–3kl–0.557. The water permeability is about one order less than gas permeability and also half order smaller than the permeability corrected by the Klinkenberg effect, so-called intrinsic permeability. The differences in the permeabilies imply that the reduction of effective pore size caused by the adhesion of water molecules to clay particle surface and water-swelling of expandable clay minerals contributes to lessening the water permeability besides the Klinkenberg effect. Hence, the liquid permeability of fault rocks cannot be deduced by gas permeability by the Klinkenberg correction reliably and accurately, and it is necessary to use liquid as pore media to measure their transport property directly.     

Quantitative micro‐X‐ray fluorescence scanning spectroscopy of wet sediment based on the X‐ray absorption and emission theories: Its application to freshwater lake sedimentary sequences

Micro‐X‐ray fluorescence scanning spectroscopy of marine and lake sedimentary sequences can provide detailed palaeoenvironmental records through element intensity proxy data. However, problems with the effects of interstitial pore water on the micro‐X‐ray fluorescence intensities have been pointed out. This is because the X‐ray fluorescence intensities are measured directly at the surfaces of split wet sediment core samples. This study developed a new method for correcting X‐ray fluorescence data to compensate for the effects of pore water using a scanning X‐ray analytical microscope. This involved simultaneous use of micro‐X‐ray fluorescence scanning spectroscopy and an X‐ray transmission detector. To evaluate the interstitial pore water content from the X‐ray transmission intensities, a fine‐grained sediment core retrieved from Lake Baikal (VER99‐G12) was used to prepare resin‐embedded samples with smooth surfaces and uniform thickness. Simple linear regression between the linear absorption coefficients of the samples and their porosity, based on the Lambert–Beer law, enabled calculation of the interstitial pore spaces and their resin content with high reproducibility. The X‐ray fluorescence intensities of resin‐embedded samples were reduced compared with those of dry sediment samples because of: (i) the X‐ray fluorescence absorption of resin within sediment; and (ii) the sediment dilution effects by resin. An improved micro‐X‐ray fluorescence correction equation based on X‐ray fluorescence emission theory considers the instrument's sensitivity to each element, which provides a reasonable explanation of these two effects. The resin‐corrected X‐ray fluorescence intensity was then successfully converted to elemental concentrations using simple linear regression between the data from micro‐X‐ray fluorescence scanning spectroscopy and from the conventional analyzer. In particular, the calculated concentration of SiO₂ over the depth of the core, reflecting diatom/biogenic silica concentration, was significantly changed by the calibrations, from a progressively decreasing trend to an increasing trend towards the top of the core.     

用应力路径控制油罐地基稳定

上海高桥石化2座10万m;油罐为全国同容积罐中首次建造在软土地基上的大型油罐,采用碎石桩、塑料排水板及充水预压综合处理软土地基.充水预压过程中使用应力路径控制地基稳定是一种必要和行之有效的监测手段.     

基于灰色定权聚类的微观水驱油模型实验特低渗透储层流动单元划分及评价

为研究微观水驱油模型流动单元划分及评价的可行性和效果,应用灰色定权聚类方法,以吴起油田X井区特低渗透长63储层25块样品为例,采用真实砂岩微观水驱油模型实验,以测得的渗透率、水驱前含油饱和度、启动压力、1 PV驱油效率以及孔隙度5项参数为基础,将样品划分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类流动单元.Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类流动单元分别与水下分流...     

苏北盆地沙埝油田阜三段储层微观特征及其与驱油效率的关系

在对沙埝油田阜三段储层微观特征进行研究的基础上,利用真实砂岩微观模型水驱油实验得到驱油效率,探讨了物性和孔隙结构特征对驱油效率的影响,解释实验中出现渗透率相近的样品驱油效率却相差较大的特殊现象,并对退汞效率作为驱油效率的准确性进行分析。结果表明,储层岩石碎屑颗粒粒度细、分选较差、填隙物含量高,且经历了较强的压实作用,是造成孔隙喉道细小、非均质性较强的主要原因;驱油效率随物性变好、喉道变大而提高,但其与喉道分选性的关系较为复杂,大喉道一方面加剧了喉道间的非均质性,另一方面则提供了孔隙间良好的连通通道,分选较好的小喉道则保证了注入水的均匀推进;驱油效率主要受物性与最大连通喉道控制;真实砂岩微观模型水驱油实验所得的驱油效率与压汞实验所得的退汞效率相关性较好,但在低值区存在一定差异。