Two methods for pore network of porous media

Two approaches of generating pore networks of porous media are presented to capture the pore fabric. The first methodology extracted pore structure from a computer simulated packing of spheres. The modified Delaunay tessellation was used to describe the porous media, and modified Nelder–Mead method in conjunction with three pore‐merging algorithms was used to generate the pore size and coordination number distributions of the randomly packed spheres. The Biconical Abscissa Asymmetric CONcentric bond was used to describe the connection between two adjacent voids. This algorithm was validated by predicting pore structure of a cubic array of spheres of equal radius with known pore sizes, throat sizes and coordination number distributions. The predicted distributions of pore structure agreed well with the measured. Then, the algorithm was used to predict pore structure and permeability of randomly packed spherical particles, and predicted permeability values were compared with published experimental data. The results showed that the predicted permeability values were in good agreement with those measured, confirming the proposed algorithm can capture the main flow paths of packed beds. The second methodology generated an equivalent pore network of porous media, of which the centers of voids were located in a regular lattice with constant pore center distance. However, this network allowed for matching both main geometrical and topological characteristics of the porous media. A comparison of the two approaches suggested that the second approach can also be used as a predictive tool to quantitatively study the microscopic properties of flow through porous media. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extension of the Griffith's fracture criteria to saturated clays

Inglis [1] has solved the problem of distribution of stress in an elastic plate around an elliptical hole. His works clarify the role of cracks in the failure of an elastic material. However, his solution cannot be applied to saturated clay because he considers only total stresses, while, in saturated clay, the criterion of rupture should be expressed in terms of effective and not total stresses. The solution of Atkinson and Craster [2] using Biot's poroelasticity theory, shows that there is no high pore pressure in the vicinity of the crack tips for saturated clay. The major difference between this approach and the Biot's theory of is that, in saturated clay, strain is a function of the variation of the effective stress [3], while, in poroelastic media, strain is only a function of the variation of the total stress [4, Equation 2.2]. Also in their solution there is continuity between the pore fluid and the inner fluid in the crack. Their solution is valid for poroelastic media involving a movement of the pore fluid. In our solution there is no movement of the pore fluid (Undrained condition). In this paper we have solved the same problem as Inglis [1], but for the particular case of saturated clay obeying elastic law. By solving this problem we obtained the expressions for pore pressure, effective stress, total stress and displacements. The results show that not only the total stress but also the pore pressure and the effective stress are also high in the vicinity of the crack tips. A new failure criterion, based on Griffith's strain energy principle [5] and maximum tensile stress [6], valid for saturated clay is developed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卸荷-增孔压条件下花岗岩残积土的力学特性

建（构）筑物因土中孔隙水压力升高而失稳破坏的情形屡见不鲜,常剪应力增孔压试验是相关研究的常用手段,但迄今鲜见考虑施工期开挖卸荷影响的试验研究。为探究初始卸荷对花岗岩残积土增孔压过程力学行为的影响,在常规增孔压试验中增加了初始卸荷阶段,开展了一系列考虑初始卸荷程度和卸荷滞时影响的卸荷-增孔压试验,分析土体变形、屈服和强度特性的初始卸荷效应与卸荷滞时效应,并与常规增孔压试验结果对比以揭示初始应力路径的影响。试验结果表明：增孔压过程的变形发展具有明显的阶段性,土体屈服后因其剪胀潜势和变形迅速而产生负超静孔压增量,有效平均应力转而增大;初始卸荷对增孔压过程土体力学性能具有明显的劣化作用,表现为刚度与屈服强度均随初始卸荷程度的增大而衰减;与被动压缩这种“加荷”式应力路径相比,初始卸荷的不利影响更为显著;土体力学性能的劣化随卸荷滞时的增长而加剧;屈服摩擦角随初始卸荷程度的增大逐渐减小,但始终大于临界状态摩擦角。     

伊拉克A油田白垩系孔隙型生屑灰岩高渗透层成因及分布特征

伊拉克A油田白垩系孔隙型碳酸盐岩高渗透储层具有分布普遍、类型复杂、成因多样等特征。岩石类型主要为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩、亮晶生屑砂屑灰岩及泥晶生屑灰岩;生物扰动加剧了碳酸盐岩储层非均质性,导致高渗透储层在全油田广泛分布。通过岩心观察、常规薄片和铸体薄片的观察和测量,孔隙度、渗透率和毛管压力的测定,综合区域地质研究成果,发现高渗层的形成受层序演化、次级相对海平面变化、沉积环境、硬底形成、生物扰动及(准)同生期暴露淋滤等复杂多因素共同控制。高渗透储层形成模式表现为Khasib组沉积时期为晚高位域期,在Kh2-1-2L段上部沉积过程中,发生首次次级相对海平面下降,形成沉积间断。沉积间断期间硬底和区域规模性的生物扰动同时发育,在Kh2-1-2L段硬底尚未被胶结的相对疏松的基质中掘穴,形成厚几十厘米、迂曲状互相贯通的生物扰动通道。沉积间断结束后,在晚期高位域层序背景下,次级相对海平面上升,松散生屑砂屑充填扰动通道。由于沉积物堆积速率较快,限制了胶结作用的发生,使扰动通道内充填物能够发育连通性好的粒间孔,而后次级相对海平面再次下降,发生(准)同生期暴露淋滤。由于扰动部位连通性好,成为溶蚀流体优势通道,导致沿扰动部位发育溶孔及扩溶缝,形成了“粒间孔+溶孔+溶缝”高渗透网络。A油田高渗透储层物性表现出发育强烈生物扰动的部位具有明显高渗特征,其孔喉较粗,排驱压力低,孔喉配位数高、连通性好。高渗层全区稳定发育,由西至东厚度逐渐增大,高渗层的分布对油田单井产量、含水上升和油田采出程度影响较大。     

基于孔压静力触探试验的水运工程土分类方法研究

土的工程分类是工程勘察和设计应用的关键问题之一。基于孔压静力触探测试（piezocone penetration test,简称CPTU）原位测试参数进行土分类是高效实用的方法。国内外现有分类方法的名称及标准与我国《水运工程岩土勘察规范》（JTS 133－2013）不符合。因此,建立基于CPTU原位测试参数、符合我国行业标准的土工程分类方法具有重要工程意义。在收集大量国内外水运工程CPTU测试资料的基础上,对比分析了616个间距小于5 m的CPTU测试孔和相应钻孔取样与室内土工试验成果。选择国内外7种常用的CPTU土分类图进行应用比较,发现这些土分类图所采用的应力修正计算方法在考虑浅层土体的有效上覆应力修正时存在一定的缺陷,通过引入新的应力修正方法和修正土分类边界线,建立了适合我国水运工程的CPTU土分类方法。对比应用分析表明,该分类图能够准确地进行水运工程土类划分,尤其适合于软土、粉细砂和中粗砂的划分,可作为我国水运工程的土工程分类方法。     

絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固滩涂软土的模型试验研究

针对真空预压作用下排水板淤堵与排水条件受限等问题,提出絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法。首先通过沉降柱试验确定合适的有机絮凝剂,然后采用该絮凝剂,分别在 48 h（开始介入真空预压,固结度为0 ）、60 h（排水速率明显下降,固结度为60%）及 84 h（排水速率近乎 0,固结度为 80%）时介入电渗,开展不同电渗介入时间的絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固试验。试验从排水量、十字板剪切强度、含水率与孔压等对比分析联合加固的有效性,确定其最佳电渗介入时间。试验结果表明：当固结度为 80% 时介入电渗,絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法能够有效地抑制排水速率减小的趋势,增长有效排水时间。同时,土体的抗剪强度和承载力亦得到大幅提升,孔压消散更加均匀。此外,在阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的作用下,初始排水速率快,在一定程度上使土体的渗透性得到提升,有效地解决了排水板淤堵问题,说明絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法具有较强的优越性。     

原状膨胀土剪切力学特性的应变速率效应

为研究应变速率对原状膨胀土力学性状的影响,通过GDS三轴试验系统进行了不同速率和围压下的固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析了应力−应变曲线、孔隙水压力、剪切强度以及破坏模式随应变速率的变化规律。结果表明：不同应变速率下,膨胀土应力−应变曲线均呈应变硬化型。随着应变速率的增加,不排水剪切强度单调递增,引入应变速率参数ρ_0.9后发现,不排水强度增长率为14.3%～23.2%,平均值为18.4%。低围压下,应变速率对孔隙水压力影响较小,随着围压的增大,孔隙水压力的发展趋势由软化型转变为硬化型,孔隙水压力峰值随应变速率的增大而减小。原状膨胀土应变速率效应与其多裂隙性密切相关,破坏形式表现为小应变速率下主剪切带与次剪切带共存,大应变速率下仅有主剪切带,裂隙或多剪切带的出现强化了膨胀土强度的应变速率效应。     

环境同位素在北京平谷盆地山前侧向补给研究中的应用

利用地下水水化学和同位素测试分析成果,结合区域地质、水文地质条件研究了平谷北山山区侧向补给情况和中桥水源地地区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶水关系。结果表明：研究区第四系松散孔隙水和基岩岩溶地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水化学类型均为HCO-3-Ca2+?Mg2+ 型;平谷北山山前基岩岩溶水侧向补给平原区第四系松散孔隙水和下伏岩溶地下水;通过D值估算得到中桥水源地第四系浅层地下水的山区岩溶水侧向补给和垂向降水入渗补给比例为57：43;中桥水源地基岩岩溶水接受山区岩溶水侧向补给和第四系孔隙水垂向越流补给比例为87：13。研究成果为平谷地区地下水资源量评价和地下水动力场数值模型的建设提供了关键参数,为区域地下水的合理开采和有序回补涵养提供了科学依据。     

马岭油田北三区延1021储层特征及其控制因素

利用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、压汞实验及物性分析等资料,系统研究了马岭油田北三区延1021储层特征及其控制因素.结果表明,研究区延1021储集层以成分成熟度、结构成熟度中等或偏低的岩屑长石砂岩及长石石英砂岩为主,为典型的低孔、低渗储层;储层内部构型以泥质夹层为主.储集空间以粒间孔为主,孔隙结构微观非均质性强,较大喉道控制储层渗流能力.沉积相带的差异导致储层物性的差异,并影响成岩作用的类型和强度.压实、胶结作用是储层致密的主导因素,溶蚀作用在改善储集空间的同时,还增强了孔喉连通性.微观孔隙结构可有效反映储层品质特征.     

影响海相烃源岩热解生烃过程的地质条件

热解生烃实验是研究油气生成机理与定量评价烃源岩生烃潜力的重要方法.烃源岩热解生烃模拟结果不仅与温度、压力和时间等因素有关,而且与地层孔隙水及压实成岩作用等地质因素密切相关.采用高压流体和高压釜(低压水蒸气)两种生烃热模拟方法对低成熟海相二叠统大隆组(P₂d)黑色泥岩进行了热解生烃实验模拟.对比分析两组实验结果表明地层孔隙热解实验有利于液态油的生成,不利于液态油向气态烃的转化,并极大地提高了干酪根的生油气潜力,显示了高压液态水、流体压力和孔隙空间等地质因素对烃源岩中有机质热成熟生烃反应的重要影响.这种影响可能与高压液态水的近临界特性有关,近临界特性地层水的参与改变了干酪根热力生烃反应的物理化学行为.推断在实际地质温压(100~200 ℃,30~120 MPa)条件下,烃源岩孔隙中的地层水是一种相对低温高压液态水,具有水的近临界物理化学特性,因此高压流体生烃热模拟实验与实际地层情况更为接近,能更有效地评价烃源岩生烃潜力.