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31.
Hydrological models are useful tools to analyze present and future conditions of water quantity and quality. The integrated modelling of water and nutrients needs an adequate representation of the different discharge components. In common with many lowlands, groundwater contribution to the discharge in the North German lowlands is a key factor for a reasonable representation of the water balance, especially in low flow periods. Several studies revealed that the widely used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model performs poorly for low flow periods. This paper deals with the extension of the groundwater module of the SWAT model to enhance low flow representation. The current two‐storage concept of SWAT was further developed to a three‐storage concept. This was realized due to modification of the groundwater module by splitting the active groundwater storage into a fast and a slow contributing aquifer. The results of this study show that the groundwater module with three storages leads to a good prediction of the overall discharge especially for the recession limbs and the low flow periods. The improved performance is reflected in the signature measures for the mid‐segment (percent bias ?2.4% vs ?15.9%) and the low segment (percent bias 14.8% vs 46.8%) of the flow duration curve. The three‐storage groundwater module is more process oriented than the original version due to the introduction of a fast and a slow groundwater flow component. The three‐storage version includes a modular approach, because groundwater storages can be activated or deactivated independently for subbasin and hydrological response unit level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
32.
LiDAR data were used to quantify and analyse a rockfall event which occurred in 2003 in the Western Dolomites (Italian Alps). In addition to previously existing airborne laserscanning (ALS) data, high resolution terrestrial laserscanning (TLS) data were collected. By using the original point clouds, the volume, axial ratio and runout length of single boulders as well as the surface roughness in the runout zone of the rockfall were derived. The total volume of the rockfall event of approximately 10 000 m³ was estimated by a reconstruction of the pre‐event surface at the detachment zone. The analysis of the laser scanning data of the accumulation zone revealed a power law scaling for boulder volumes larger than 8 m³. The dependence of runout length on boulder volume is complex; it is moderated by particle sphericity. In addition, we used ALS and TLS data to derive the spatial distribution of surface roughness on the talus cone. TLS allow for more accurate roughness mapping than ALS data, but for most applications the point density of ALS data seems to be sufficiently high to derive measures of roughness. Different sampling approaches for plane fitting on the scale of 5 m did not show significant effects besides the computational time. The results of our analyses provide important perspectives for rockfall modelling and process understanding with potential applications in both ‘applied’ (natural hazards) and ‘pure’ geomorphological research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Unlithified and partly lithified carbonate sequences are ideally suited to the application of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), augmented by percussion augering and shallow seismic techniques, all tied to present‐day topography using global positioning system (GPS) methods. This methodology provides the first clear information on the distribution and geometry of lithofacies within buried tufa complexes. The approach has been applied to a thick succession of Holocene tufas filling a gorge site along a 3·5‐km length of the River Lathkill, north Derbyshire. Earlier studies have demonstrated the presence of up to 16 m of tufas and sapropels associated with two transverse tufa dams (barrages). These strata have been accumulating throughout the Holocene, although tufa developments at present are of minor extent. Internal tufa morphologies are recorded by GPR as ‘bright’, laterally continuous reflections for lithified, concretionary and lithoclast‐rich horizons. The ‘brightest’ reflectors occur within well‐cemented barrages and delineate core areas and prograding buttress zones. In contrast, unlithified lime muds and sapropels produce low‐contrast reflections. Lithostratigraphic control and depth calibration of the GPR profiles was provided by percussion augering at selected sites. Six distinct lithofacies and four secondary barrages are identified in the study. Constructional and destructional events can be identified and correlated within the GPR profile network, and the internal growth morphologies of the barrages are apparent. GPR profiles also clearly define the evolution of the facies geometries. Three phases of tufa development can be recognized within the GPR data and greatly extend our understanding of Holocene tufa‐forming processes in valley sites: (a) Early Holocene barrage build‐ups but with limited paludal deposition; (b) Middle Holocene ponding and sapropel accumulation under ‘warm’ conditions; and (c) Late Holocene barrage termination and valley levelling, probably coincidental with anthropogenic activity. This type of multidisciplinary approach should be considered as an essential prerequisite to all biostratigraphic and geochemical studies of Holocene freshwater carbonate sites. 相似文献
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人口死亡率是人口转型关键因素之一,而人口转型又关系着地区社会经济发展质量。以2000—2015年粗死亡率数据为基础,通过变异系数、趋势分析和空间自相关分析中国人口死亡率空间格局差异及演变态势,并结合偏最小二乘回归定量分析人口死亡率影响因素。结果发现：（1）中国人口死亡率大致呈西北、东北和东南低,中部及西南高态势,且各时段人口死亡率降低省份高于增长省份;（2）中国各省死亡率变异系数差异悬殊,且在空间趋势中东西方向呈现两端低中间高、南北方向由两端低中间高向北低南高转变;（3）人口死亡率全局空间集聚程度不断减弱,区域差异缩小,且局部空间上以高-高和低-低聚集为主;（4）人口老龄化是人口死亡率提升的主要推动因子,其次分别为工业废水排放总量、突发环境事件次数和气候条件等。人均生产总值对人口死亡率起主要抑制作用,其次分别为每千人口床位数、每十万人口大学平均在校生数、人均用水量和空气质量。农作物受灾面积合计对人口死亡率在不同年份作用力不一致。 相似文献
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Yan Wang ;Ningxia Xie ;Weiliang Wang 《海洋湖沼学报（英文）》2009,27(3):480-486
The effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of the estuarine cladocera, Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin, were evaluated in an indoor experiment. A 2 × 4 layout that included two algal concentrations (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, 1 × 106 and 3 × 106 cell/mL) and four inoculation densities (100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L) were established. Diaphanosoma celebensis were reared in 150 mL flasks containing 50 mL of algal medium at 22°C, under salinity of 10 and a photoperiod of 12 h L: 12 h D. The lag phase required to initiate continuous population growth following inoculation was shorter for D. celebensis fed 1 × 106 cell/mL and inoculated at 300 or 400 ind./L than that for D. celebensis fed 3 × 106 cell/mL and inoculated at 100 or 200 ind./L. However, D. celebensis fed 3 × 106 cell/mL and inoculated at 100 or 200 ind./L exhibited longer periods of positive population growth. The maximum population densities were 5 875 ± 324, 6 690 ± 691, 7 735 ± 1,121 and 6 365 ± 691 ind./L for D. celebensis fed 1 × 106 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively, and 15 070 ± 379, 12 215 ± 648, 11 960 ± 2,551 and 16 130 ± 880 ind./L for D. celebensis fed 3 × 106 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively. The average daily increasing rates of population were 0.076 ± 0.001, 0.065 ± 0.002, 0.055 ± 0.002 and 0.048 ± 0.003 for D. celebensis fed 1×106 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively, and 0.098 ± 0.001, 0.078 ± 0.002, 0.072 ± 0.003 and 0.067 ± 0.003 for D. celebensis fed 3 × 106 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively. The maximum population density and average daily increasing rate of population increased as the algal concentration increased, whereas an increase in the inoculation density led to a linear decrease in the daily increasing rate of population under both algal concentrations. The results of the present experiment indicate that the algal concentration and inoculation density significantly affect population growth of D. celebensis. Furthermore, the results suggest that the optimal algal concentration and inoculation density for the mass culture of D. celebensis should be 3 × 106 cell/mL and 100 ind./L. 相似文献
39.
Peter Furness 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2001,48(4)
The general problem of magnetic modelling involves accounting for the effect of both remanent magnetization and the application of an external magnetic field. However, as far as the disturbing field of a magnetic body in a magnetic environment is concerned, there is an equivalence between the effects of these two causations that allows the remanence to be represented in terms of an equivalent primary magnetic H field. Moreover, due to the linearity of the magnetic field in terms of its causations, the general modelling problem involving an applied magnetic field in the presence of remanence can be simply and more efficiently dealt with in terms of an equivalent primary field acting in the absence of any remanent magnetization. 相似文献
40.
《地理科学》2025,45(2):290-302
快速的城镇化深度改变了中国地区社会经济发展格局,导致地区间居住环境配置的不均衡,对老年人的健康水平构成了风险。本文基于第七次全国人口普查数据,采用GIS空间可视化和Tobit回归模型,揭示了不同城镇化发展阶段各个地区老年人健康水平的空间格局,并分析了地市级和县区级行政单元的2个不同空间尺度下,城镇化率和居住环境对老年人健康的影响差异,同时考虑了两者的混杂影响。研究发现：1 自评为健康的老年人的全国平均比例为87.25%,只有城镇化率超过76%的地区才达到或超过这个平均水平。2 在全国地市级和县区级单元全样本模型中,城镇化率与老年人健康水平显著正相关,PM2.5质量浓度、绿量NDVI、地表温度、道路密度、人均建筑面积、医院床位数等因素均对老年人健康水平产生影响。3 不同城镇化阈值的地区环境特征也会导致城镇化率与老年人健康水平影响关系的差异。4 城镇化率具有调节效应,影响了地表温度、PM2.5质量浓度、道路密度和人均建筑面积等环境因素与老年人健康水平的相关关系。本研究为构建老年宜居环境提供了理论依据和决策参考。 相似文献