城市人口的遥感估算方法

常规人口估算方法耗时、费力、财物消耗大且周期长,况且,仅靠少数年份的人口统计资料也是难以准确揭示人口状况的。尽管应用遥感方法估算人口的历史并不长,精度也还不高,但已显示了其优越性。遥感估算人口的主要原理如下。 (1)美国国防卫星及NOAA卫星的热红外通道图像说明,人口分布及其数量与城市耗能量(人工热源)相关,而耗能量又与图像灰度相关;(2)城市人口的膨胀与城市面积的扩展相关;(3)像片上进行住宅计数,用人口普查资料或抽样调查方法确定每户平均人数则可进行人口估算;4)人口密度大小也反映在人工结构物及自然物体的波谱反射率差异上,据此可建立人口数量与反射率的回归方程。     

A steady state model of the Somali current

A steady state model of the Somali current including forcing by both the curl and the divergence of the wind stress is discussed. The model equations are linear, but the results presented are for the one nonlinear case. The grid resolution was 12 km in the zonal and 24 km in the meridional direction. The streamfunction and velocity potential of the current are presented for forcing by divergence and compared with a situation when only the curl is present. The results indicate that a two-gyre system appears in July, a representative month for the summer monsoon, only when divergence is included. Computations with available data indicate that the divergence is comparable in magnitude to the curl near the location of the Somali current. The model produces three other important features: (i) strong upwelling off the east coast of Africa, (ii) downwelling over central Arabian sea and (iii) a strong eastward current in the upper layer towards the interior of the Arabian sea near 12°N.     

Space,Place, Population and Census Analysis in Australia

The Australian Census of Population and Housing is a census of people not places. However, where people live and work can be of major relevance in our search for explaining and understanding their behaviour. This paper argues that the place dimension in the Australian census has not been exploited very effectively in this respect. Three dimensions of the issue are addressed. Firstly, the spatial units commonly used for analysis of census data often are not appropriate to the problem being investigated. The spatial units in the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) used for census data rarely represent meaningful social, economic and environmental regions. Secondly, the use of a simple urban/rural dichotomy is criticised as being a very blunt instrument to differentiate settlement types. Thirdly, the relationship between people and place in the census is discussed. While for the most part the census relates people to a single location—their place of usual residence—this is only one of the places with which people regularly interact. It is suggested that there is a need to adopt practices in the census which allow a range of population geographies to be defined. In conclusion it is argued that innovation in the Australian census, especially with the introduction of meshblocks and contemporary methodology and technology in Geographical Information Systems, makes it possible to analyse spatially referenced data in ways that can address these three issues.     

大连市人工地貌对人口变化的响应分析

文章以大连市为例,研究人口变化与城市人工地貌间的动态关系.研究表明:在城市发展的不同阶段,由于市内外、市内各区间的人口变化影响,使得城市人工地貌体在水平与垂直空间上不断地增长和重组.具体表现在近10年来3个阶段上的过渡,即城市人工地貌的发育模式经历了从"以水平发展为主-水平和垂直复合式发展-以垂直发展为主"的转变过程.对市内4个区人口、建筑面积以及建筑高度变化的相关分析,进一步体现了人口对各类型人工地貌体分布的驱动过程.     

甘肃省人口规模及地区分布变化

人口发展的区域差异是甘肃省社会经济发展不平衡的重要表现之一，也是其不平衡的重要原因之一。对甘肃省1990年第四次人口普查和2000年第五次人口普查数据进行实证分析和统计分布检验的结果表明，从第四次人口普查到2000年第五次人口普查，甘肃省人口在规模扩大的同时，人口的地区分布差异反而有所减小，主要原因之一是各市人口增长差异有所缩小。实现甘肃社会经济的可持续发展，必须在有效控制人口总量增长的同时，高度重视对人口发展区域差异的合理调控。     

COOLING RATES, SKY VIEW FACTORS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTRA-URBAN AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES

Intra‐urban cooling rates were monitored for a year in the centre of Göteborg on the Swedish west coast. Five sites with different building geometry ‐ from dense canyon to open space ‐ within a radius of 300 m were analysed. Results showed two modes of cooling during the night. In the first mode, the cooling was site‐dependent ‐the open space cooled the most and the dense canyon the least. In the second mode, which began about 3–4 hours after sunset, all sites cooled at the same rate. Our hypothesis is that in the early part of the evening both radiative divergence and sensible heat dominate the cooling. However, as the evening progresses, a spatially homogeneous inversion is established which controls the radiative cooling, making the cooling independent of both surface geometry and surface type. From April to November the sites cooled rapidly around sunset and the cooling slowly decreased during the rest of the night. However, between December and March, the cooling was less intense, with an almost constant rate during the entire night. It has been suggested that this might be the result of the draining of stored solar heat during the summer and a continuous flux of anthropogenic heating during the winter.     

青藏高原大气低频振荡的源、汇特征分析

使用1998年美国NCAR再分析的逐日资料，研究了1998年夏季青藏高原大气低频振荡的源、汇特征。青藏高原对于纬向风的低频波来说，有时是低频振荡的源区，有时是汇区。通过计算低频涡度的通量散度，进一步研究了低频涡源、涡汇特征。青藏高原在不同时间和不同部位，低频涡源、涡汇具有不同的分布特征，传播特征也不尽相同，青藏高原上空100hPa低频涡源、涡汇受到了南亚高压的很大影响。     

几种Q矢量的比较

利用 1 991 - 0 7- 0 5T2 0— 0 6T2 0一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程实况资料 ,结合地面降水分布 ,从定性 (矢量场 ,即 Q)、定量 (散度场 ,即 2 · Q)的角度细致、具体地比较分析了准地转 Q矢量、半地转 Q矢量、非地转 Q矢量及湿 Q矢量的诊断特性。结果表明 :半地转 Q矢量诊断能力优越于准地转 Q矢量。非地转 Q矢量、湿 Q矢量诊断能力明显优越于准地转 Q矢量、半地转 Q矢量。准地转 Q矢量诊断能力最差 ;从定性的角度分析 ,非地转 Q矢量与湿 Q矢量诊断能力相差不大。但进一步定量分析发现 ,在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中 ,湿 Q矢量的诊断能力大于其他 Q矢量 ;70 0 h Pa高度上各 Q矢量的矢量、散度辐合区较其在 850 h Pa和 50 0 h Pa上对降水反映更好 ,尤其是70 0 h Pa湿 Q矢量散度辐合区与降水区有非常好的对应关系。     

离散型人口发展模型在土地规划中的应用

人口预测是编制土地利用总体规划的基础性研究工作，以离散型人口发展模型，应用在广西田阳县土地利用总体规划中，得出了很好的结果。