Occurrence and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya's marine environment: first documented evidence

Microplastics can be ingested by marine organisms and may lead to negative impacts at the base of marine food chains. This study investigated the occurrence and composition of microplastics in the sea-surface water and sought evidence of ingestion by zooplankton. Surface seawater was collected using a stainless-steel bucket and sieved directly through a stainless-steel sieve (250-µm mesh), while a 500-μm mesh net was towed horizontally to collect zooplankton, at 11 georeferenced stations off the Kenyan coast in February 2017, on board the national research vessel RV Mtafiti. Microplastic particles were sorted and characterised using an Optika dissecting microscope. Polymer types were identified using an ALPHA Platinum attenuated total reflection—Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. A total of 149 microplastic particles, with an average abundance of 110 particles m^–3, were found in the surface seawater. A total of 129 particles were found ingested by zooplankton groups, where Chaetognatha, Copepoda, Amphipoda and fish larvae ingested 0.46, 0.33, 0.22 and 0.16 particles ind.^–1, respectively. Filaments dominated both the surface-water microplastics and the ingested microplastics, contributing 76% and 97% to those compositions, respectively. White particles were prevalent in the water (51%), whereas black was the colour found most commonly (42%) across the zooplankton groups. The sizes of particles that were in the water were in the range of 0.25–2.4 mm, and those ingested ranged between 0.01 and 1.6 mm. Polypropylene was predominant in the surface water, whereas low-density polyethylene was the most-ingested polymer type. The results provide the first documented evidence of the occurrence, composition and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya's marine environment, indicating that microplastics have the potential to enter pelagic food webs and cause pollution in the study area.     

高聚物萃取光度法测定钯

研究了在聚乙二醇 -硫酸铵 -亚硝基R盐体系中萃取光度法测定钯。在 pH 1 .3的NaAc-HCl缓冲溶液中 ,钯与亚硝基R盐形成橙色配合物 ,被萃取到高聚物相 ,其配合物的最大吸收波长位于 50 0nm处 ,摩尔吸光系数为 1 .58× 1 0 4L·mol- 1.cm- 1,Pd(Ⅱ )与亚硝基R盐的配位比为 1∶3,Pd(Ⅱ )的质量浓度在 0～ 2 .2mg/L内符合比尔定律。方法用于碳 -钯催化剂中钯的测定 ,6次测定的RSD为 2 .7%。     

聚乙烯冲击压缩特性实验研究

利用神光Ⅱ装置第九路输出的倍频激光,采用直接驱动方式研究了聚乙烯(CH₂)材料的冲击压缩特性.实验表明聚乙烯冲击波阵面自发辐射较强,冲击波在聚乙烯台阶中的传播比较稳定.采用阻抗匹配方法,以铝作标准材料,测量了聚乙烯的冲击绝热线,聚乙烯冲击压强达0.54 TPa,冲击波速度测量相对扩展不确定度~2%(K=2),实验数据的一致性较好,与已有低压实验数据及状态方程解析模型比较符合.     

PE管道性能及其使用范围分析研究

PE（聚乙烯）管道经过快一个世纪的发展,尤其是在燃气管道行业已经占领了主要地位。本文通过对PE管道的发展历史、规格性能和性能优点进行了详细阐述,充分地展示了PE管道相对传统管道（金属管道等）的优越性。结合PE管道的特点和主要应用范围,总结了PE管道在燃气和给水管道工程中的注意事项。发展PE管道材料工艺及其施工工艺,可以实现管道工程项目合理且经济。     

粉末压片制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定钼矿石中9种元素

X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析方法中,采用粉末压片制样存在粒度效应和矿物效应等问题,但当样品在一定的粒度、压制压力及压制时间条件下,矿物效应和粒度效应仅仅对钠、钙等轻元素的测试有影响,而对钼、铜、铅等元素的测试并无影响。基于此本文建立了粉末压片制样波长色散XRF直接测定钼矿石中Mo、W、Cu、Pb、Zn、F、S、As、Bi等9种元素的方法。采用价格低廉的低压聚乙烯粉作衬垫镶边材料,样品在35 t的压力下压制30 s,制备的样片坚固光滑、吸潮性小,长期保存不发生形变,消除了粒度效应。选用自制的钼含量呈梯度变化的钼矿石样品及钼矿石、钨矿石、铜矿石、铅矿石、铋矿石、锌矿石等国家标准物质作为校准样品建立标准曲线,降低了矿物效应,采用经验系数法消除谱线重叠和基体干扰。本方相对标准偏差小于2.1%,各元素的测定结果与电感耦合等离子发射光谱法等其他方法测量值吻合。与已报道的玻璃熔融和粉末压片制样方法相比较,检出限较低,如钼的检出限为3.67 μg/g,比玻璃熔融法的检出限(450 μg/g或24 μg/g)要低得多;砷的检出限为1.13 μg/g,低于其他粉末压片法的检出限(7.8 μg/g)。本方法提出了克服粒度效应及光谱诸干扰因素影响的详细解决方案,有利于XRF法应用于定量分析基体组成复杂的钼矿石。     

含动力学抑制剂的聚合醇钻井液水合物抑制性研究

对含动力学抑制剂的聚合醇钻井液水合物抑制性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,加入PVP的水基聚合醇钻井液能够有效抑制甲烷水合物的生成,而PVP(K90)的抑制效果明显优于PVP(K30)。在温度为0℃、初始压力为18 MPa的条件下,只需向水基聚合醇钻井液中添加1%的PVP(K90),就能够确保循环管路中20 h内不会生成水合物。     

HDPE和PET土工格栅加筋路堤作用的对比研究

为了研究高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）两种土工格栅在返包式加筋路堤中的加筋效果,基于HDPE和PET的拉伸试验结果,采用FLAC3D有限差分程序并结合现场监测数据对比,分析了加筋路堤中两种土工格栅的受力变形规律。结果表明,土工格栅特性对返包式加筋路堤变形具有明显影响,影响程度与其上部土压力大小密切相关;在加筋土路堤的中下部,土压力较大,HDPE格栅前1/3段和后1/3段的应变存在较大差别,PET格栅的应变沿长度分布相对均匀;随着上部土压力的减小,格栅材料特性的影响减弱,两种格栅的应变曲线趋于接近;PET格栅对加筋路堤水平变形的控制作用更为明显;HDPE格栅加筋路堤的垂直和水平土压力值及其分布与PET加筋路堤差别很小。     

高强度聚乙烯菱形网目经编网片的力学性能初步研究

给网箱设计与渔用材料的合理选配提供参考,初步研究了渔用高强度聚乙烯菱形网目经编网片(简称HSPE经编网片)的力学性能。研究结果表明,(1)在同等条件下,36股HSPE经编网片网目强力、网片纵向断裂强力分别比36股普通聚乙烯菱形网目经编网片(简称PE经编网片)增加了48.9%,11.6%,而前者的网片纵向断裂伸长率比后者减少了29.4%;(2)在相同网目长度条件下,36股HSPE经编网片网目强力、网片纵向断裂强力分别比42股锦纶菱形网目经编网片(简称PA经编网片)增加了27.2%,37.9%,而前者的网片纵向断裂伸长率比后者减少了33.6%;(3)36股HSPE经编网片较36股PE经编网片和42股PA经编网片具有性能价格比优势;HSPE经编网片在网箱养殖等渔业生产中推广应用上具有可行性。     

海岸环境中两类软质微塑料表面生物膜DNA的提取方法比较与优化

微塑料因粒径小、比表面积大,可作为重金属、有机污染物以及病原微生物的载体。已有研究表明,微塑料表面附着的微生物主要以生物膜的形式存在。本研究以山东省海岸带环境中常见的两类软质塑料——发泡类聚苯乙烯（expanded polystyrene,EPS）和聚乙烯薄膜（polyethylene films,PE）为研究对象,比较了MP FastDNA®和MOBIO PowerSoil®两种DNA提取试剂盒对微塑料表面生物膜DNA的提取效果,探讨了不同的微塑料粒径和数量对DNA提取效果的影响。结果表明,MP FastDNA®试剂盒对两种软质微塑料表面生物膜DNA的提取浓度显著低于MOBIO PowerSoil®试剂盒（1.0~12.5倍）。采用MP FastDNA®试剂盒提取的PE表面DNA的浓度约为EPS的1.3~4.4倍。当微塑料数量不大于20片时,小粒径（1~3 mm）的EPS表面生物膜DNA浓度显著高于大粒径（3~5 mm） EPS,而对于PE薄膜则相反。对于两种粒径的EPS,微塑料表面DNA浓度均随着微塑料数量的增加而显著增加,但对于小粒径（1~3 mm）的PE薄膜,DNA浓度随微塑料数量的增加呈先增后减的趋势;而大粒径（3~5 mm）的PE薄膜表面DNA浓度随微塑料数量的增加而降低。微塑料的粒径和数量对其表面DNA提取效果影响的差异与微塑料的类型及其理化性质有关。本研究可为海洋与海岸环境中微塑料表面微生物群落组成与多样性研究提供方法支撑。     

Positive Effects of Isopropanol as a Co-Precipitant in Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase Crystallization

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase(GPAT) is considered as the rate-limiting enzyme of glycerolipid synthesis pathway and the core element in lysophosphatidic acid(LPA) synthesis. For understanding its catalytic mechanism, the structural biology study is expected, but is always hindered by obtaining crystals for X-ray diffraction analysis. In this study, a progressive strategy to optimize the crystal of microalgae plastidial GPAT was presented. After the expression and purification of GPAT, the crystals were screened by hanging-drop and only clusters were obtained. The crystals were optimized by adjusting temperature, pH, protein concentration, or precipitant, but little improvement. To improve the interaction between protein and precipitant, the isopropanol was applied as co-precipitant. The qualified crystals formed. It's suggested that isopropanol is critical to affect protein crystallization by altering polyethylene glycol(PEG)-water-protein interaction when PEG serves as precipitant. The resulting crystal diffracted to a resolution of 2.75 ? and belonged to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 50.79, b = 80.09, c = 88.21 ?, and α = 62.85, β = 73.04, γ = 80.53?. This work introduced a new strategy to optimize the crystal of the heterogeneous catalysis enzymes like GPAT and provided the fundamental structural information for the oriented synthesis of marine microalgae glycerolipid.