We used a multipolar code to create, through the dissipationless collapses of systems of 1,000,000 particles, three self-consistent
triaxial stellar systems with axial ratios corresponding to those of E4, E5 and E6 galaxies. The E5 and E6 models have small,
but significant, rotational velocities although their total angular momenta are zero, that is, they exhibit figure rotation;
the rotational velocity decreases with decreasing flattening of the models and for the E4 model it is essentially zero. Except
for minor changes, probably caused by unavoidable relaxation effects, the systems are highly stable. The potential of each
system was subsequently approximated with interpolating formulae yielding smooth potentials, stationary for the non-rotating
model and stationary in the rotating frame for the rotating ones. The Lyapunov exponents could then be computed for randomly
selected samples of the bodies that make up the different systems, allowing the recognition of regular and partially and fully
chaotic orbits. Finally, the regular orbits were Fourier analyzed and classified using their locations on the frequency map.
As it could be expected, the percentages of chaotic orbits increase with the flattening of the system. As one goes from E6
through E4, the fraction of partially chaotic orbits relative to that of fully chaotic ones increases, with the former surpassing
the latter in model E4; the likely cause of this behavior is that triaxiality diminishes from E6 through E4, the latter system
being almost axially symmetric. We especulate that some of the partially chaotic orbits may obey a global integral akin to
the long axis component of angular momentum. Our results show that is perfectly possible to have highly stable triaxial models
with large fractions of chaotic orbits, but such systems cannot have constant axial ratios from center to border: a slightly
flattened reservoir of highly chaotic orbits seems to be mandatory for those systems. 相似文献
We present the results of an analysis of ultraviolet observations of T Tauri stars (TTs). By analysing emission measures taken from the literature, we derive rates of ionizing photons from the chromospheres of five classical TTs in the range ∼1041–1044 photon s−1, although these values are subject to large uncertainties. We propose that the He ii /C iv line ratio can be used as a reddening-independent indicator of the hardness of the ultraviolet spectrum emitted by TTs. By studying this line ratio in a much larger sample of objects, we find evidence for an ionizing flux which does not decrease, and may even increase, as TTs evolve. This implies that a significant fraction of the ionizing flux from TTs is not powered by the accretion of disc material on to the central object, and we discuss the significance of this result and its implications for models of disc evolution. The presence of a significant ionizing flux in the later stages of circumstellar disc evolution provides an important new constraint on disc photoevaporation models. 相似文献
We describe a numerical application of the Nekhoroshev theorem to investigate the long-term stability of quasi-integrable systems. We extend the results of a previous paper to a class of degenerate systems, which are typical in celestial mechanics. 相似文献
A simple approximate model of the asteroid dynamics near the 3:1 mean–motion resonance with Jupiter can be described by a
Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom. The phase variables of this system evolve at different rates and can be subdivided
into the ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ ones. Using the averaging technique, wisdom obtained the evolutionary equations which allow to
study the long-term behavior of the slow variables. The dynamic system described by the averaged equations will be called
the ‘Wisdom system’ below. The investigation of the, wisdom system properties allows us to present detailed classification
of the slow variables’ evolution paths. The validity of the averaged equations is closely connected with the conservation
of the approximate integral (adiabatic invariant) possessed by the original system. Qualitative changes in the behavior of
the fast variables cause the violations of the adiabatic invariance. As a result the adiabatic chaos phenomenon takes place.
Our analysis reveals numerous stable periodic trajectories in the region of the adiabatic chaos. 相似文献
Abstract: The restricted influence of geographers in the policy arena has been the source of some angst. This paper reports on a new initiative at the University of Canterbury, which aims to strengthen geography's contribution to health policy debates in New Zealand. The GeoHealth Laboratory is a joint initiative between the Department of Geography and Public Health Intelligence group at the Ministry of Health that seeks to provide a pathway for the integration of health geography research into policy development. This new facility aligns the expertise in health geography, GIS and other spatial analytical methods with policy-relevant research priorities. An overview of the strategic aims of the GeoHealth Laboratory is provided along with some examples of recent research activities that are contributing to understandings of the health landscape in New Zealand. It is argued that such partnerships provide important opportunities for geographers to engage with policy-relevant issues. 相似文献
Based on data on the composition of ore-bearing hydrothermal solutions and parameters of ore-forming processes at various antimony and antimony-bearing deposits, which were obtained in studies of fluid inclusions in ore minerals, we investigated the behavior of Sb(III) in the system Sb–Cl–H2S–H2O describing the formation of these deposits.
We also performed thermodynamic modeling of native-antimony and stibnite dissolution in sulfide (mHS− = 0.0001−0.1) and chloride (mCl− = 0.1−5) solutions and the joint dissolution of Sb(s)0 and Sb2S3(s) in sulfide-chloride solution (mHS− = 0.01; mCl− = 1) depending on Eh, pH, and temperature. All thermodynamic calculations were carried out using the Chiller computer program. Under the above conditions, stibnite precipitates in acid, weakly acid to neutral, and medium redox solutions, whereas native antimony precipitates before stibnite under more reducing conditions in neutral to alkaline solutions.
The metal-bearing capacity of hydrothermal solutions (200–250 °C) of different compositions and origins has been predicted. We have established that the highest capacity is specific for acid (pH = 2–3) high-chloride solutions poor in sulfide sulfur and alkaline (pH = 7–8) low-chloride low-sulfide solutions. 相似文献
The distributions of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total alkalinity (TA) were examined for a 6-month period in the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers and coastal waters of Hilo
Bay on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii, USA. Main results for the largest and turbulent Wailuku River show in the watershed
an oversaturation in CO2 with respect to atmospheric equilibrium and a CO2 undersaturation in the estuary. In the Wailoa river-estuary system, extremely high pCO2 values ranging from 1500 to 10500 ppm were measured with significant shifts in pCO2 from drought to flood period. In the two rivers, water residence time, groundwater inputs and occasional flood events are
the predominant drivers of the spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution of pCO2. In Hilo Bay, CO2 oversaturation dominates and the bay was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere during the study period. TA is conservative along the salinity gradient, indicating calcification in the
bay is not a significant source of CO2 to the atmosphere. 相似文献