基于卫星遥感的北京城乡植物物候差异

利用2002-2009 年1 km分辨率的MODIS NDVI数据,通过提取春季NDVI上升最快的日期和秋季NDVI下降最快的日期,对比分析了北京地区城市与乡村植物物候的差异。从空间格局和时间演变两个角度,分别对比分析了核心城区、边缘城区和乡村3 个区域的生长季开始日(SOG)、结束日(EOG)以及总日数(TD)3 个物候指标。结果表明,城区的SOG早于乡村,其中核心城区最早,比乡村提前约20 天;城区的EOG晚于乡村,其中核心城区最晚,比乡村推迟约15 天;由此导致城区的TD多于乡村,其中核心城区最多,大约比乡村多35 天。2002-2009 年,城区的SOG呈现推迟的趋势,EOG呈现提前的趋势,而乡村的SOG呈现提前的趋势,EOG呈现推迟的趋势;由此导致城区TD呈现减少的趋势,乡村则呈现增加的趋势。上述结果量化了北京地区城市与乡村植物物候的差异,揭示了城市环境对植物物候的影响,为研究人类活动的生态环境效应提供了实证。     

Cyclones influence native plant diversity on 22 remote high islands of French Polynesia and Pitcairn (eastern Polynesia)

I examined the relative influence of eight spatial characteristics on native plant diversity in 22 volcanic high islands of eastern Polynesia. The characteristics used as potential predictors in this study included island area, highest elevation, distance to the nearest continent, distance to the nearest archipelago, distance to the nearest similar island, index of isolation, distance to the largest and highest island of Tahiti, and distance to the “cyclonic alley.” Among characteristics studied, native plant diversity (indigenous and endemic species) was primarily linked with the island area and highest elevation of the islands. Contemporary cyclones were an important predictor of indigenous plant diversity in the remote islands surveyed. In the study area, this result suggests that cyclones, moving from the west Pacific Ocean basin to the eastern Polynesian islands, have provided more indigenous species to the remote high islands located close to the cyclonic alley. Isolation did not appear as a significant predictor of native plant diversity in the high islands surveyed, possibly due to a stepping-stone-island effect and the proximity of the cyclonic alley. These findings suggest that isolation could be tempered by a cyclonic-transport-flow effect in the study area, thus reducing the effective distance of the remote islands from the mainland source pool for seed dispersal.     

地下采煤引起斜坡滑动的一个实例——韩城电厂滑坡成因分析

韩城电厂滑坡是一个由大小七个滑坡组成的超大型滑坡。这个滑坡造成了电厂建筑物的严重变形和破坏。经过分析和论证认为,这个滑坡是由横山斜坡地下采煤造成的斜坡岩层移动转化而来的。     

岛屿地形下的核电厂护岸防洪设计研究

对国内第一个岛屿地形下核电厂的护岸防洪设计进行了研究,提出直立式护岸结构方案以满足核电厂防洪和避让毗邻海岛的要求。在波浪数值模拟计算结果基础上,开展了波浪整体物理模型试验、波浪局部整体物理模型试验和波浪断面物理模型试验,对护岸的越浪量和结构稳定性进行了优化验证。研究结果表明,岛屿地形下,波浪破碎和波能集中导致护岸堤身坡脚处波高增大,须加高挡浪墙和优化挡浪墙结构型式;在相同的越浪量标准下,采用直立堤结构相对斜坡堤结构对应的护岸挡浪墙的高程须明显加高;利用部分海岛地形斜坡高地作为厂区护岸一部分时,原状海岛地形斜坡高地处的波浪爬高效应明显,须加高邻近护岸挡浪墙的高程。     

中国西北干旱区湖泊沉积物中有机质碳同位素组成的环境意义——以民勤盆地三角城古湖泊为例

通过对中国西北干旱区石羊河流域民勤盆地三角城古湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)分析,表明末次冰期与全新世时气候和植被有明显的差异,末次冰期δ13Corg总体偏轻(-30‰～-25‰),而全新世碳同位素组成则有较大的变化,在早全新世碳同位素组成有多次短期快速变重(-10‰左右)的变化,中全新世碳同位素组成总体偏重(-20‰～-10‰),晚全新世碳同位素组成偏轻(-25‰左右)。分析表明湖泊沉积物有机质碳同位素组成反映了陆生C3植物和湖泊内源水生植物变化的关系,末次冰期以来西北干旱区C4植物不发育,偏重的有机质碳同位素值与C4植物无关。从沉积物中有机质组分、元素等分析表明,末次冰期时主要以河流相沉积为主,湖泊中有机质主要来源于上游祁连山的陆生C3植物,有机碳含量较低,表明当时的上游的陆生植被不繁盛,区域气候较干冷;从全新世开始,三角城古湖泊开始形成,沉积物中碳同位素组成偏重的有机质主要来源于湖泊中的沉水植物,此时湖泊水体较大,湖泊生产力较高。而沉积物中有机质碳同位素组成偏轻时期的有机质主要来源于挺水植物、陆生C3植物,较低的有机碳含量说明该时期陆生植被不发育,气候较干冷,湖泊水体较小     

Trends in high flows in the central Spanish Pyrenees: response to climatic factors or to land-use change?

Abstract

This paper analyses the evolution of high flows in the central Spanish Pyrenees during the period 1955–1995. The method applied makes it possible to assess whether the contribution of the largest daily discharge and rainfall events to the total annual runoff and precipitation remains stationary or shows any temporal trend. The results show a general negative trend in flood intensity in the last decades, together with an increase in the importance of low flows in the total annual contribution. However, a change in the frequency distribution of precipitation events has not been detected. The different behaviour shown by runoff and precipitation could only be explained as being due to the increase in vegetation cover that is a consequence of the farmland abandonment and reforestation that occurred during the 20th century.     

Changes in the structure and function of biological communities in the Aral Sea, with particular reference to the northern part (Small Aral Sea), 1985--1994: A review

The construction of a dam between the Small and Large Aral Sea in 1993 has had an effect on biological communities. From field and laboratory investigations and analysis of the literature, the structure and function of the main plant and animal communities in the northern (Small) Aral Sea are described and discussed, first, for the period before 1985, and, second, between 1985 and 1994. A prognosis for future changes is provided.     

药用植物内生真菌--天然活性产物新资源

近年研究表明,药用植物内生真菌能够产生许多结构新颖的活性次级代谢产物,已成为发现新天然活性物质的重要源泉。结合作者的工作,文中对这一领域的研究进展进行综述。     

基于共存分析法和叶缘分析法重建中国渐新世年均温

渐新世全球气候总体上发生了降温,代表着地球新生代早期的一个"冰室"。植物对气候变化反应敏感,作为地质时期的产物,植物化石能够反映当时陆地气候的变迁。本文利用共存分析法(Coexistence Approach,CA)对中国5个渐新世植物群的年均温进行了恢复,并利用叶缘分析法(Leaf Margin Analysis,LMA)对其中木本双子叶植物不少于15种的4个植物群年均温进行了分析。两类方法的推测值整体表现为CA的年均温相对高于LMA值,其中叶缘分析法东亚模型得出的年均温高于中国模型值。通过对能影响两类方法结果的因素分析,推测CA恢复的值能更好地代表化石点当时的年均温,咸水河组下段植物群为13.3~15.6℃,杨连屯组大桥段植物群为12.1~19.4℃,三合植物群为14.3~16.8℃,景谷植物群为19.7~23.7℃,宁明组植物群为22.0~23.6℃。由于CA恢复的年均温都高于当地现在的年均温,推测渐新世时,虽然全球温度自始新世以来整体相对降低,但还是比现在温暖。