水深对水下地基场地地震动影响的时域分析

利用地震波斜入射下水下地基场地地震动分析的一维化时域算法,推导了平面P波入射下,水下地基场地的位移、加速度和应力表达式,重点分析了水深变化对位移峰值、加速度峰值、剪应力峰值和孔隙水压力峰值沿土层深度的分布规律。数值结果表明:同一土层深度处,当水深不超过1倍的土厚时,竖向位移峰值随水深的增大而增大;当水深超过1倍的土厚时,竖向位移峰值随水深的增大而减小。水平位移峰值与水深的关系基本上与竖向位移峰值相反。同一水深下,竖向位移峰值沿土深不断减小,水平位移峰值呈先减小后增加的趋势。同一水深下,竖向加速度峰值沿土深是一个不断减小的过程,水平位移峰值是一个反复增大和减小的过程。在0.75倍的土厚到基岩的范围外,水深对剪应力峰值的影响均较小。孔隙水压力峰值沿土深的分布大致是先减小再增加最后减小。     

Hidden in plain sight: How finding a lake in the Brazilian Pantanal improves understanding of wetland hydrogeomorphology

Wetlands are permanently or seasonally flooded areas which support countless species of plants and animals. The Pantanal, in central-west Brazil is one of the largest freshwater wetlands in the world covering an area of ~150 000 km². The relationships between geomorphology, hydrology, sedimentation, and vegetation cover are critical for understanding how the landscape constrains the dynamics of wetlands. We provide a detailed study of the geomorphology and surface hydrology of the Negro River Interfan System (NRIS), in the southern Pantanal, by applying multiple approaches (i.e. remote sensing analysis, geomorphological zonation and hydrosedimentological surveys). A multitemporal analysis of Landsat imagery produced an inundation frequency map (2000–2011 period) that revealed a permanently flooded area in the central portion of the NRIS. A hidden fluvial lake was previously undetected due to the accumulation of floating mats and floating meadows of macrophytes. The Negro and Aquidauana feeder rivers exhibit remarkable differences in channel planform, water discharge, and sediment load. The Negro River presents a distributary pattern with marginal levees with decreasing elevation as it progrades into the lake and remains as a subaqueous landform conditioning the water flow downstream. The lake outflow to the Paraguay River occurs mainly by sheet flow during flood seasons and through small tributary channels during dry months. The lake's geometry is outlined by east–northeast and west–northwest straight borders, suggesting that the area is tectonically controlled. A cloud-based worldwide water surface database (1984–2015) revealed frequent channel changes within the NRIS. Recent channel avulsions in the lower course of the Negro River are noteworthy mainly because the former river channel at the confluence with the Paraguay River is no longer connected with the Negro River channel. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

平原河网地区人类活动对降雨-水位关系的影响——以太湖流域杭嘉湖地区为例

太湖流域快速城镇化、水利工程等一系列人类活动对流域水文过程产生了深刻影响.本文以快速城镇化的杭嘉湖地区为例,基于1961-2014年逐日降雨、水位观测资料,构建了水位涨幅（ΔZ）、水位增长速率（k₁）和退水速率（k₂）等指标,旨在揭示变化环境下该地区降雨过程中水位的变化特征及可能的驱动因素.结果表明：1）变化环境下杭嘉湖地区近54年降雨量呈微弱的增加趋势,但降雨过程中的水位涨幅呈下降趋势,尤其是平均水位涨幅呈显著下降趋势,且于2000年左右发生明显变化;突变后水位涨幅下降主要集中在10~50 mm/d的降雨过程中,而大于50 mm/d的降雨过程中突变后水位涨幅较突变前有所升高.2）从空间分布上来看,各站降雨量与水位涨幅存在明显的空间差异,降雨量总体呈增加趋势,增加趋势东强西弱;大部分站点的水位涨幅却呈下降趋势,其中位于区域南部站点的平均水位涨幅下降趋势较东北部更为明显,水位涨幅呈显著下降站点的空间分布与杭嘉湖南排工程等水利工程的分布较为一致.3）通过对杭嘉湖地区降雨过程中水位增长速率和退水速率的变化分析发现,突变后较突变前退水速率有所提高,说明近年来水利工程等设施的完善和有序调度使得杭嘉湖地区的排洪能力有所提高,该变化可能是导致杭嘉湖地区地区突变后一定强度的降雨过程中水位涨幅下降的主要原因.而杭嘉湖地区强降雨过程中水位涨幅依然较高,可能是该地区洪峰水位居高不下的主要原因.此外,由于该地区近年来起涨水位抬升明显,对洪峰水位的抬升也有一定影响.     

松嫩平原生态地质环境变迁构造-气候旋回机制探讨

论述了松嫩平原第四纪以来生态地质环境的变迁过程并对其演化机制进行了初步探讨。新构造运动是本区生态环境变迁的主要内动力,直接影响地形起伏和地貌形态,制约水系的变迁和沉积环境的演化。东亚季风作为新构造运动的间接产物,对本区气候的波动产生重要影响。新构造运动和东亚季风共同控制着本区第四纪以来生态地质环境的演化历史。     

太行山前平原地下调蓄能力研究

本文通过地下调蓄库容、受水能力、给水能力和地表汇水输水条件的指标等级量化,建立的百分制多元指标评价方法比较客观地量化出太行山山前平原5个洪积扇区、8个靶区的地下调蓄能力及其可利用性。综合评价结果,石景山—大兴靶区、石家庄—晋县靶区和邢台靶区可作为南水北调地下调蓄首选目标,房山—容城靶区、望都—定县—新乐靶区和磁县—安阳靶区可作为南水北调地下调蓄的主要备选场所,邯郸靶区和辉县—新乡靶区适宜作为井灌小型地下调蓄场所。     

莱州湾沿岸平原海水入侵灾害的发展进程

莱州湾东、南沿岸平原的海（咸）水入侵是人为过量采取地下水和自然环境变化共同引发的灾害。根据多年观测数据绘制的地下水位负值区、淡水资源超采量和海（咸）水入侵面积等三标志划分灾害进程为初始阶段、发展阶段、恶化阶段和缓解阶段。给出了灾害发展模式。以此解释新区灾害,针对灾害发展的不同阶段,采取适时而有效的防灾减灾对策和措施。     

Terrain mapping unit-based approach for sustainable agricultural development in India—an example from plains ecosystem at semi-arid interface

‘Green Revolution’ was adopted as National Agricultural Policy by the Government of India to meet the requirements for food grain self-sufficiency. Improved seeds, fertilizers and irrigation were provided as science and technology (S&T) inputs to the soil resource base of the country. Land use changes in order to increase the area of land under cultivation have resulted in sectoral imbalances. The introduction of irrigation, fertilizers and new seed varieties using the district as a unit of agricultural input and management, without consideration of moisture and pedogenetic requirements at the micro-level, have resulted in ecological imbalances and environmental degradation in some parts of the district. Intensive irrigation has resulted in water mining in some blocks, and over a period of years the upper aquifer has been lost and in parts of the Aligarh district water-logging and salinity development has taken place.This paper presents the concept of spatial information systems for sustainable agriculture to eliminate the overdose effect of S&T inputs in a land system such as the fragile ecosystem at the semi-arid border in India.The present study has attempted to integrate the natural resource endowments of lithology, soil, ground-water and geomorphology into terrain mapping units (TMUs). The geological, geomorphological and soil maps were generated using remotely sensed data. For ground-water, well logging was carried out and secondary data regarding depth to water-table were collated. The spatial modelling for depth to water-table was carried out using SURFER software. The files on geology, geomorphology, soil and depth to water-table were digitized and integrated to generate an illuminated model characterized by areas of homogeneity in terms of geology, geomorphology, soil and ground-water conditions to map the TMUs. Intergraph's Modular GIS Environment (MGE) software was used to integrate the multiple data base.For sustainable agriculture the natural boundaries represented by TMUs will be more appropriate as spatial units for the application of agricultural inputs and management practices for the land system, rather than villages, blocks and districts which have cultural boundaries. The methodology proposed will be useful for all ecosystems in semi-arid and arid regions.     

中国东南沿海平原晚第四纪超浅层生物气藏盖层研究

根据晚第四纪地层的物性特征,力学性质及烃浓度值实验资料和孔隙水压力及其消散历时现场试验结果表明,覆盖下切河谷之上的的浅海相灰色淤泥质粘土层为区域盖层,下切河人的河漫滩相灰－灰黑色粘土及淤泥质粘土层为局部盖层。粉细砂、粉砂、粉砂质粘土、淤泥质粘土和粘土的粒径依次变小,比表面积依次增大,使其孔隙率、孔隙比、天然含水量及孔隙水压力值依次增大。粘土的压缩系数、塑性指数、液性指数及抗剪强度最大,其抗变形能力相对最弱,可压缩相对最大．相对封闭性最好;而淤泥质粘土、粉砂质牯土的封闭性次之。随着埋藏深度的增加．盖层的封闭性增强。盖层的封闭机理主要为物性封闭、烃浓度封闭和孔隙水压力封闭,后者可能对生物气藏保存起着最主要的封闭作用。     

渤海莱州湾南岸平原浅埋古河道带及其与海(咸)水入侵关系研究

根据2100余个钻孔资料,并结合大比例尺地形图、航片、卫片判读分析,以及野外实地考察和沉积物样品的粒度分析、岩相分析、14C测年,研究了莱州湾南岸平原浅埋古河道带的分布规律、埋藏和沉积特征、古河道的分期断代以及与海(咸)水入侵关系。该区在埋深60m内的浅埋古河道带,可分成弥河、潍河和白浪河3个系统,它们大都呈掌状、放射状分布,并与其所属河流的冲洪积扇范围相吻合。该区古河道的形成和发育与古气候和海平面变化密切相关。自晚更新世晚期以来,该区有4期古河道发育,其中玉木旱冰期古河道和玉术主冰期古河道的砂层沉积粒度粗、连通性好、分布广,既是富水性强、水质好的淡水含水层,又是该区海(咸)水入侵的主要通道。控制在浅埋古河道带超采地下淡水,并在丰水季节利用其进行地下水回灌,是治理该区海(咸)水入侵灾害的重要措施之一。     

闽江口水下三角洲的形成与演变 Ⅱ．水下三角洲平原

闽江口水下三角洲的形成与演变全文从分析控制或影响闽江口水下三角洲发育的环境因素、入手,探讨了闽江口水下三角洲的地貌特征、成因及演变。研究结果表明,闽江口水下三角洲属于构造－潮控型三角洲,其地貌特征和成因与典型的潮成三角洲既有共同点,也存在着较大的差异。此外,其近期地貌的发育和演变亦受到人类工程活动的重大影响。这些结论可为闽江口航道综合整治工程提供科学理论依据。本文为其第二部分,主要探讨闽江口水下三角洲平原的地貌特征及演变。