Increased benthic grazing: An alternative explanation for low phytoplankton biomass in northern San Francisco Bay during the 1976–1977 drought

Among the consequences of extremely low river flow into northern San Francisco Bay during a two-year drought were (1) a gradual increase in salinity, (2) an unusual decline in chlorophyll a concentration, and (3) the upstream migration of estuarine benthic invertebrates to the normally brackish area of the bay. Total abundance in the benthos at a shallow monitoring site increased from a normal 2000 to greater than 20 000 individuals m^?2 during the summer of 1977, presumably in response to the increased salinity. Estimated filtration rates derived from equations in the literature for one of the species, the suspended-feeding bivalve Mya arenaria ranged from 1 to 4 m³ m^?2 day^?1 during 1977 depending on abundance and mean size on sampling dates. Because water depth at this site is less than 2 m, Mya could have filtered all of the particles (including diatoms) from the water column on the order of once per day. Several other immigrant species undoubtedly contributed to the removal of particles from the near-bottom water as well. Increased benthic grazing, therefore, could have accounted for the anomalously low phytoplankton biomass observed during the drought. These results suggest that during periods of prolonged low river flow and increased salinity benthic food webs could become more important than planktonic food webs in the upper part of the estuary.     

Study on respiratory electron transport system （ETS） of phytoplankton in Taiwan Strait and Xiamen Harbour

Phytoplankton respiratory electron transport system (P-ETS) activities were studied in two cruises in Taiwan Strait (Aug. 1997 and Feb. -Mar.1998) and two cruises in Xiamen Harbour (Oct., 1997 and Apr.,1998). Results showed that P-ETS activity in the surface water of southern Yaiwan Strait in summer was homogeneous [mean value of 0.106 μ102/(L.h)], inhomogeneous in northern Yaiwan Strait in winter. Variation of P-ETS activity in middle part of the Strait was not obvious between summer and winter. Mean P-ETS activity of Xiamen Harbour in autumn was 0.255 μ102/(L.h) with a little higher value in Jiulong River estuary areas. In spring, P-ETS activity was more homogeneously distributed and the mean value was 1.076 μ102/(L.h). P-ETS activity in spring was obviously higher than in autumn in Xiamen Harbour. Vertical distribution of P-ETS in Taiwan Strait was homogeneous at some stations in winter and in summer. An obvious daily variation of P-ETS activity was recorded at Stn 9837, high at midnight and low in the early morning. Significant correlation between P-ETS activity and Chl-a was observed. Results also showed that the ratio of estimated respiratory rate to photosynthetic rate varied seasonally, high in winter (0.41) and low in summer (0.12).     

2012 年夏季水团输送对挪威-格陵兰海营养盐及浮游植物群落结构的影响

依托2012 年第五次北极科学考察分析了夏季挪威-格陵兰海域营养盐和光合色素的分布情况, 探讨 水团输送对该海域营养盐分布及对该海域浮游植物群落结构分布的影响。结果显示挪威海和格陵兰海域调 查站位上层(200 m)水体中AT 断面的硝酸盐、磷酸盐及硅酸盐平均浓度分别为9.0(±5.0)、0.65(±0.29)和 1.8(±1.6) μmol·L^–1, BB 断面的硝酸盐、磷酸盐及硅酸盐平均浓度分别为8.9(±3.8)、0.71(±0.22)和1.8(± 1.6) μmol·L^–1。挪威海和格陵兰海域上层水体中硅酸盐相对于硝酸盐远远不足, 且呈显著硅限制, 该限制随 纬度的升高有所减轻, 表现为北冰洋入流水的硅酸盐输送。光合色素与温度和营养盐的关系表现为: 与温度 呈正相关, 与营养盐呈负相关。光合色素的分布结果表明, 挪威-格陵兰海域浮游植物群落表层以硅藻或硅 藻和定鞭金藻为主, 次表层(叶绿素最大层)则以硅藻为优势种, 并且硅藻更易聚集于混合层下方温跃层上 方, 定鞭金藻在表层水体低营养盐的条件下更具竞争力。此外, 由于受大西洋入流分支的影响, 浮游植物向挪 威-大西洋流流经区域聚集(温度更高且营养盐充分), 形成区域浮游植物分布差异。     

宜昌峡口三叠系嘉陵江组油苗成因

在宜昌兴山下三叠统嘉陵江组灰岩晶洞和方解石脉中发现液体油苗。为查明其源岩,通过详细的野外剖面资料及密集采样,以有机碳含量0.5%为有效烃源岩下限,甄别出宜昌地区有三套有效烃源岩。通过烃源岩地球化学特征分析,发现萜烷、常规甾烷、甲藻甾烷等常规生物标志物的组成和分布趋于一致。高演化阶段的趋同性,已无法区分各套烃源岩,不能用于油源对比。但从三芳甾烷的组成和干酪根、氯仿沥青"A"稳定碳同位素组成特征,可以区分这三套烃源岩。油苗特征与上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组下部源岩相似,推测油苗来源于此源岩。     

Stratigraphy of the Maikop Group and Pteropoda Beds in northern Azerbaijan

Deepwater sections of the Maikop Group (Oligocene-lower Miocene) and overlying lower-middle Miocene sediments are studied near the Perekishkyul Settlement in lower reaches of the Sumgait River, northern Azerbaijan. Several lithological reference levels and the Spiratella (Pteropoda) Beds are used to correlate preliminarily these uniform clayey sections barren of benthic fossils. Based on distribution of the organicwalled and calcareous phytoplankton, spores, pollen and ichthyofossils, the sections are first subdivided in detail and dated. Distinguished in the sections are two regional levels characterizing distortions in the basin hydrological regime during the late Oligocene (level with large Leiosphaeridia and Pterospermella) and Burdigalian (level with dominant dinocysts of the genus Batiacasphaera), and separate intervals with diverse phytoplankton and ichthyofossils. The Tarkhanian sediments are marked by first-appearing oceanic nannoplankton with Sphenolithus heteromorphus and deepwater ichthyofauna with Vinciquerria merklini. The Karaganian is established at the first occurrence level of peculiar endemics (Sardinella karaganica W. Dan. and Mugil karaganicus Swich.) among ichthyofauna.     

The geochemical characteristics and origin of crude oils in the Kekeya Oilfield,Xinjiang, China

GC/MS and GC/MS/MS techniques were employed to describe the characteristics of biomarker assemblages in two sets of hydrocarbon source rocks, Jurassic and Permian, in southwestern Tarim, and the parameters for the classification of the two sets of hydrocarbon source rocks have been established. It is found that diahopane and C30-unknown terpane are abundant in Permian samples, the contents of diahopane in Jurassic samples are relatively low, and terpenoids have been detected in Jurassic samples but not in Permian source rock samples. Kekeya crude oils are abundant in diahopane and C30-unknown terpane. The results of fine oil-rock correlation indicated that Kekeya crude oils were derived mainly from the Permian hydrocarbon source rocks. However, a small amount of diterpenoid was detected in the crude oils, indicating that the Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks also made a certain contribution to Kekeya crude oils.     

The Occurrence of Oleananes in the Beibuwan Basin and Its Application to the Study of Maturity and Oil-Source Rock Correlation

The oleanane parameter, i.e., OP （oleananes/（oleananes＋C30hopanes）） in the two sedimentary columns of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, can be used to delimit the top of oil generation window, with Ro （/%） of 0.53 in Well M1 and 0.55 in Wells H1/Hd1/Hd2, respectively. Comparing with vitrinite reflectance （Ro/%）, the OP features a dynamic range and can indicate the oil generation window more precisely. By using OP and other geochemical indices, the oil-source correlation is also conducted. It suggests that the oils in wells M1 and M2 are derived from the source rocks in situ. The mudstone in Huachang uplift is not the main source rocks for oils in this area, The OP is also a useful oil-source correlation parameter in some Tertiary lacustrine basins.     

Phytoplankton structure, composition and production in saline water-bodies in the Lower Amu Dar'ya

Phytoplankton and its production in water-bodies of the lower Amu Dar'ya were investigated in 1984–1989. The structure and functional nature of the phytoplankton in the water-bodies studied were analogous to those of the littoral zone of eutrophic lakes, considering hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The very high average annual P/B ratios (453–582) are considered as regional features, namely high light intensity and prolonged light period, the salinity usual for saline waters under anthropogenic influence, the frequent and discrete income of nutrients in drainage water and from sediments.     

松辽盆地滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩生物标志化合物的特征及意义

应用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱技术，研究了滨北西部上二叠统林西组烃源岩的生物标志化合物特征，对烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境、热演化程度等进行了分析.研究表明，林西组烃源岩有机质丰度高，有机质类型为Ⅱ型，处于高成熟-过成熟演化阶段；烃源岩中（C₂₀+C₂₁）/（C₂₃+C₂₄）三环萜烷为0.12~0.86，平均为0.50，C₂₄四环萜烷/C₂₆三环萜烷为0.41~0.72，平均为0.54，具有典型湖相烃源岩特征；Pr/Ph主要介于0.16~0.71之间，平均为0.32，指示沉积环境为强还原-还原环境；伽马蜡烷/C₃₀藿烷为0.09~0.35，平均为0.21，反映烃源岩为半咸水的沉积环境；Pr/nC₁₇与Ph/nC₁₈的关系、C₂₇-C₂₈-C₂₉甾烷的相互关系均反映有机质为高等植物和细菌、藻类等低等水生生物的混合来源；Ts/Tm为0.18~1.03，平均为0.86，C₃₁αβ22S/（22S+22R）比值为0.53~0.62，平均为0.58，均指示烃源岩成熟度较高.综合认为林西组烃源岩形成于半咸水的还原-强还原环境，有机质来源为混合来源，有利于有机质的富集，林西组具有油气勘探前景.