Tsunami travel times to New Zealand

A table is given for the intervals between the time that a tsunami propagating radially from a distant source first reaches a position 600 nautical miles from Wellington and the times when the tsunami first reaches any of 11 selected places in New Zealand.     

Food of barracouta (Teleosti: Gempylidae) in eastern Cook Strait

The stomach contents were examined from 244 barracoota, Thyrsites atun (Euphrasen), caught in eastern Cook Strait, New Zealand. In the year of sampling (1966–67) the euphausid Nyctiphanes australis Sars was most commonly taken as food during the cooler months, replaced by the teleost hoki, Macruronus novae‐zelandiae Hector, in summer. The proportions of full and empty stomachs suggested that the barracouta fed sparingly before spawning but heavily afterwards.     

Limnology of Lake Rerewhakaaitu

The limnology of Lake Rerewhakaaitu (36°18'S, 176° 30'E) was studied at various intervals between 1971 and 1974; comparisons were made between the main lake (area 6.32 km², mean depth 7 m, maximum depth 15 m), and the smaller (0.15 km²) and deeper (mean depth 15 m, maximum 31 m) crater which are connected by a narrow, 1 m deep channel. The main lake was usually homothermal, although temporary stratification periodically occurred, and the oxygen content of the deeper water could be as low as 2 g.m^‐3. The crater showed strong thermal and chemical stratification persisting well into the winter. Its heat budget and other factors related to lake stability are compared with those of some other New Zealand lakes. The failure of the crater to become fully re‐oxygenated during its brief period of homothermy is believed to be related to its morphometry, since the amount of phytoplankton did not appear to be great enough to explain the low levels of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion. The hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in 1973–74 was 0.038 mg. cm^‐2.day^‐1. Qualitatively the phytoplankton, usually dominated by desmids, was characteristic of oligotrophic waters, but quantitatively the main lake could be rated as mesotrophic. Differences were also found in the abundance of zooplankton between the crater and the main lake: there were usually more Bosmina but considerably fewer Ceriodaphnia in the main lake which had greater numbers of Piona. Adult Calamoecia were generally more abundant in the crater.     

Limnology of Lake Waikaremoana with special reference to littoral and pelagic primary producers

Lake Waikaremoana, the North Island's deepest lake (248 m), lies in a natural forested catchment, but the lake itself has been modified for hydro‐electric power generation and by the introduction of trout, smelt, and adventive aquatic plants. The lake is a warm monomictic water body of low conductivity (82 μS cm^‐1) and a high seasonal water column stability. The waters are oligotrophic, with epilimnetic dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations typically < 1 mg m^‐3. The concentration of NO₃‐N is seasonally variable but generally high in winter and spring with maximum epilimnetic values approaching 70 mg m ³. This contrasts with other central North Island lakes. Horizontal variability in surface chlorophyll a is low as are the absolute values (< 1–2 mg m^‐3). A notable feature is the formation of a deep chlorophyll maximum within the metalim‐nion comprised largely of Sphaewcystis schweteri as opposed to diatoms and flagellates which normally dominate the epilimnion. Vascular macro‐phytes (maximum biomass 659 g m² dry weight) extended to 9 m and characeans (maximum biomass 447 g m²dry weight) to 16 m. Total phyto‐plankton primary production was calculated as 4524 tCy^‐1 and macrophyte production as 578 t C y^‐1. The proportion of macrophyte to phy‐toplankton production (0.14) is higher than in the other deep lakes of the central North Island.     

Some observations on phytoplankton species composition,biomass, and productivity in Kenepuru Sound,New Zealand, 1982–83

Phytoplankton species composition, biomass, and rates of primary production were determined at two sites within Kenepuru Sound, New Zealand, in spring, summer, and autumn of 1982–83. Microflagellates and ultraplankton (< 5–10 μm) were numerically very abundant on each occasion and small gymnodinoid nanno‐planktonic (< 10–15 μm) dinoflagellates were likewise always a common component of the populations. The dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum gracile, made a substantial contribution to the total biomass in summer. The diatom community changed from mainly small chain forming species (Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindricus spp.) in spring to small solitary centric and pennate forms (Nitzchia longissima, Coscinodiscus spp.) in summer, to a diversity of larger taxa (Coscinodiscus concinnus, Eucampia zoodiacus) in autumn. The autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was a particularly important member of the autumn photo‐autotrophic assemblage. Both phytoplankton biomass and productivity increased from spring to autumn. In situ rates of primary production ranged from 15 to 1420 mgC m^‐2h^‐1 and chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 6.9 to 258.5 mgChl a m^‐2. A gross primary production rate, in summer, was estimated at 0.57 gC m^‐2 d^‐1. Phytoplankton production and biomass appeared to be related to dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations as a result of variations in the freshwater inflow. A tentative comparison between the rates of phytoplankton and cultivated mussel production is made.     

FITC‐conjugated lectins as a tool for differentiating between toxic and non‐toxic marine dinoflagellates

FITC‐conjugated lectins proved to be effective probes for differentiating between morphologically similar dinoflagellate species isolated from New Zealand coastal waters. In particular the binding (fluorescence) of peanut (PNA) lectin differentiated G. mikimotoi from Gymnodinium sp. (Waimangu) and G. pulchellum and the non‐binding of Helix pomatia (HPA) and wheat germ (WGA) lectins discriminated between G. mikimotoi and the other Gymnodinium species tested. G. breve (Florida) was differentiated from the New Zealand isolates by binding with soy bean (SBA) lectin. Ulex europeus (UEA) distinguished the toxic species Alexandrium minutum from the morphologically similar, but non‐toxic, Cachonina hallii. Two strains of Prorocentrum lima (Spain and Rangaunu) were not differentiated by the lectins, but P. lima was differentiated from P. compressum.     

水团对吕宋海峡浮游植物群落结构的影响

根据2008年8月18日至9月19日在吕宋海峡3个断面获得的0~200 m层浮游植物数据,探讨了群落结构及其与不同理化性质水团的关系。本研究共鉴定浮游植物4门61属169种（包括变种、变型和未定种）,其中甲藻和硅藻物种数基本相当,各占所有物种数的50%左右;另记录了金藻门3属3种;蓝藻门1种。海区优势种为卡氏前沟藻Amphisdinium carterae、锥状施克里普藻Scrippsiella trochiodea、角毛藻Chaetoceros sp.和原甲藻Prorocentrum sp.。丰度范围是（0.08~9.48）×106个/m3,平均为1.448×106个/m3。甲藻占总细胞丰度的74.68%;硅藻占24.96%。在水平方向,B断面和C5站浮游植物丰度较高,甲藻主要分布于远离陆地的海峡中部,而硅藻主要分布于台湾岛和吕宋岛附近;浮游植物垂直分布主要在水体的0~50 m层。聚类分析并结合水文数据表明浮游植物基本可划分为3个类群,分别受南海水、黑潮水和混合水的影响。南海水与黑潮水交汇的锋面区域,具有较周围区域更高的物种数、水柱平均丰度及硅甲藻丰度比,体现出强烈的锋面效应。     

基于诊断色素分析的胶州湾浮游藻功能类群研究

分析了2003年12月至2004年10月胶州湾18个站位7个航次的浮游藻色素组成(包括叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)。使用岩藻黄素、多甲藻黄素、色素组合(别黄素+19'-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素+19'-己酰氧基岩藻黄素+青绿藻黄素)和玉米黄素作为特定功能类群的诊断色素指标定义了四个浮游藻功能类群(PFTs), 即硅藻、甲藻、微型鞭毛藻和蓝细菌, 并根据各浮游藻功能类群的诊断色素(组合)占诊断色素总量的比例研究了各功能类群在胶州湾的时空分布特点, 结果表明硅藻是胶州湾的优势类群(平均占65.8%), 微型鞭毛藻次之(26.0%), 甲藻和蓝细菌最低(分别为6.3%和1.9%)。基于诊断色素指标的浮游藻功能类群分析是一种简便的判断优势浮游藻类群组成和丰度的方法。     

象山港西部海域夏季浮游植物生态学研究:Ⅰ.种类组成及年际变化

根据2006~2008年夏季(7~8月)在象山港西部海域(121°37′E、29°40′N以西)进行的海洋调查资料,对该海域浅水Ⅲ型浮游生物网采集的浮游植物的种类组成与分布、年际变化以及与理化环境因子的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:调查海域夏季共鉴定到浮游植物54种,其中硅藻类占绝对优势,为48种,并可大体分为河溪淡水性、外洋性广布种和沿岸内湾性三大生态类群,优势种主要有丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、紧密角管藻(Cerataulina compacta)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、琼氏圆筛藻(Coscynodiscus jondsiarus)等。根据环境因子与种类数的相关性分析表明,透明度和化学需氧量(COD)对浮游植物种类数影响最大,其次为活性磷酸盐(PO43-P),无机氮(DIN)、盐度、水温相对较小。与历史资料相比,调查海域夏季浮游植物种类数量存在明显年际差异,且仍处于波动状态。     

黄骅海域浮游植物群落结构的季节变化

2010年在黄骅海域进行浮游植物和理化环境的4个季度的生态调查.共发现浮游植物3门28属75种,其中赤潮种34种,种类数量的季节变化为秋季(2010-10)＞冬季(2010-12)＞夏季(2010-08)＞春季(2010-04).浮游植物生态类型可划分为广温近岸类群、暖水类群和暖温类群,广温近岸类群是浮游植物的优势类群.浮游植物细胞数量的季节变动范围为(46.42×104～190.68×104)个/m3,季节变化为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季,浮游植物数量的季节变化呈单峰特征,硅藻是浮游植物的优势种群.Jacard相似度指数的范围为0.19～0.42,季节更替明显.夏季浮游植物细胞数量与磷酸盐显著正相关,相关系数为0.548(p＜0.05),地表径流是浮游植物细胞数量的重要影响因素.秋季浮游植物细胞数量与温度极显著负相关,相关系数-0.744(p＜0.01);与无机氮显著相关,相关系数0.482.温度和无机氮是影响浮游植物数量的因素.