夏季珠江口邻近海域表层浮游植物的碳叶绿素比值及其碳含量

Chlorophyll a(Chl a),particulate organic carbon(POC)and biogenic silica(BSi)were determined in coastal waters adjacent to the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Estuary(ZRE)during summer,in order to examine the C:Chl a ratio of phytoplankton and phytoplankton carbon in the plume-impacted coastal waters during summer,as well as to assess the relative contribution of diatoms to the phytoplankton biomass,by the regression between Chl a,POC and BSi.Our results showed that the C:Chl a ratio(g/g)of phytoplankton was high(up to 142),likely due to high light intensity and nutrient limitation.The river plume input stimulated phytoplankton growth,especially diatoms,resulting in higher relative contribution of phytoplankton carbon(55%)and diatoms(34%)to POC in the plume-impacted region than those(33%and 13%)in high salinity area,respectively.Phytoplankton carbon(up to 538μg/L)in the plume-impacted region was much higher than that(<166μg/L)in high salinity area.Our findings were helpful to improve the biogeochemical model in coastal waters adjacent to the ZRE.     

近30年来东海长江口泥质区浮游植物生产力与群落结构变化的生物标志物记录

随着人类活动的增加和全球气候变化的加剧,东海生态环境受到了人类活动和自然环境变化的双重影响。本文选择位于东海长江口泥质区的柱状样DH3-1进行生物标志物分析,利用多种生物标志物含量及相对比例重建了东海近30年(1983-2010年)浮游植物生产力、群落结构和陆源输入相对贡献的变化,并探究人类活动与自然因素产生的综合影响。结果表明:近30年来,浮游植物生产力呈现上升趋势;约1992-2001年,硅藻比例下降、甲藻比例上升,约2001年后硅藻比例上升、甲藻比例下降。陆源有机质含量在约1992-2004年呈现增加趋势,约2004年后相对降低;海源有机质含量则呈现持续增加趋势。东海近30年来浮游植物生产力的升高主要是因为人类活动剧增与上升流引发东海营养盐输入量增加。群落结构与陆源有机质含量交替变化可能是由不同年份人类活动与自然因素的作用强度不同导致的。     

海洋酸化对浮游植物生理生态影响的研究进展

当前全球气候变化下的上层海洋变暖与酸化对以浮游植物为主的海洋生态系产生了重大影响,理解此背景下的海洋浮游植物生理生态响应,对我们理解和抑制全球气候变化具有重要意义。在全球大气二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）升高情景下,浮游植物通过光合作用、微生物循环等过程,通过不同功能群对海洋生源要素循环模式的改变,进而影响区域及全球海洋的生物地球化学循环。研究全球浮游植物对海洋酸化生理生态的响应使得我们对生物地球化学系统的认识更加全面、系统。     

夏季外海水入侵对大亚湾浮游植物群落结构的影响

夏季大亚湾存在由粤东沿岸上升流所引起的外海水入侵现象,且入侵强度存在年际差异,作者利用大亚湾2004～2017年历年夏季航次调查数据,将弱入侵年份与强入侵年份进行对比分析,以探讨外海水入侵对大亚湾浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果显示,当外海水入侵由弱变强时,湾内水体理化特征发现显著变化,水体由高温低盐转变为低温高盐,N、P等营养盐含量出现下降。海水理化性质的改变导致了浮游植物群落结构的变化,硅藻、甲藻种类数以及浮游植物Shannon-wiener指数均出现升高;浮游植物总丰度和硅藻丰度下降,甲藻丰度变化不明显;常见浮游植物种类伪菱形藻属(Pseudo-nitzschiasp.)、角毛藻属(Chaetocerossp.)和叉角藻(Ceratiumfurca)丰度出现下降,而中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)和菱形海线藻(Thalassionemanitzschioides)丰度出现升高;优势种由单一硅藻种类向硅藻和甲藻共为优势转变。此外,外海水入侵还会通过改变海水理化因子的空间分布以及湾内上层水体流向来影响浮游植物群落结构的空间分布。     

2015年春季南海北部陆架海域网采浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子关系

根据2015年春季南海北部陆架海域的调查数据,分析了网采浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示:共鉴定出浮游植物4门378种(含变种与变型),其中硅藻门209种,甲藻门157种,蓝藻门9种,着色鞭毛藻门3种。该海区的主要优势种有翼鼻状藻Proboscia alata、翼鼻状藻纤细变型Proboscia alata f. gracillima、佛氏海毛藻Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii、尖刺拟菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens、短角弯角藻Eucompia zoodiacus和洛氏角毛藻Chaetoceros lorenzianus等,各断面优势种差异较大,仅佛氏海毛藻在4个断面成为优势种。浮游植物丰度范围为(0.63~1 430.04)×10⁴个/m³,平均为76.20×10⁴个/m³,丰度较高的站点主要集中在湛江断面D近岸站位和汕头断面H。春季南海北部浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.06~5.56,均值为3.99。冗余分析显示,影响南海北部陆架海域浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为水温、盐度和活性磷酸盐。南海北部陆架海域浮游植物基本呈现近岸高离岸低的分布特点,水温和盐度是影响其分布的主要环境因子。     

沙尘和灰霾对西北太平洋浮游植物群落结构变化的影响

通过在西北太平洋黑潮亲潮混合区(E02和E10M)和副热带寡营养区(M1和M1B)开展的船基围隔培养实验,探究了不同海域表层海水中浮游植物对沙尘和灰霾添加的响应,以及浮游植物群落结构的变化。结果表明,黑潮亲潮混合区浮游植物可能受铁(Fe)限制,副热带寡营养区浮游植物主要受氮(N)限制。沙尘和灰霾添加均可以促进浮游植物生长,并可使浮游植物的粒级结构分布发生明显变化。在黑潮亲潮混合区,沙尘添加组使小型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率(C_Micro)由～10%上升至～55%,超微型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率(C_Pico)由～70%下降至～20%,但在培养实验过程中,各粒级浮游植物对总叶绿素a贡献率的变化量与沙尘添加量无明显的相关关系,这种现象的原因可能是不同量的沙尘添加均可为浮游植物的生长提供较充足的Fe导致的。在副热带寡营养区,沙尘或灰霾添加组的C_Micro由～10%上升至～35%,C_Pico由～70%下降至～55%～～35%,各粒级浮游植物对总叶绿素a贡献率的变化与沙尘或灰霾添加量呈线性相关关系,表明浮游植物的生长对沙尘或灰霾的N供给量具有较高的敏感性。     

北部湾海域微型、微微型浮游植物类群季节变化及其与棕囊藻赤潮的关系初探

近年来,北部湾海域连年暴发球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）赤潮,对近海生态环境构成了潜在威胁。为了解北部湾海域球形棕囊藻赤潮生消过程及其与其他浮游植物类群的关系,自2016年9月至2017年8月期间,在北部湾海域开展了9个航次的调查,并应用流式细胞仪分析了微型真核藻类、微微型真核藻类、原绿球藻（Prochlorococcus spp.）和聚球藻（Synechococcus spp.）等4类浮游植物类群的变化情况。结果表明,北部湾海域各浮游植物类群主要分布在调查区北部钦州湾外侧海域和雷州半岛西侧近岸海域,其丰度有明显的季节变化。微微型真核藻类在春、秋两季丰度较高,而冬、夏季较低。微型真核藻类、聚球藻和原绿球藻的丰度均呈现夏季高、冬季低的特点,其中聚球藻丰度的季节变化最为显著,与水温变化密切相关。结合对球形棕囊藻赤潮生消过程以及调查海域水文条件的分析可以看出,北部湾海域球形棕囊藻赤潮发生过程中,海水温度下降至20℃左右,并且聚球藻和原绿球藻丰度具有明显变化,有望作为棕囊藻赤潮的预警指标,为该海域棕囊藻赤潮的预测和防控提供依据。     

Gaussian decomposition and component pigment spectral analysis of phytoplankton absorption spectra

The absorption spectrum of phytoplankton is an important bio-optical parameter for ocean color hyperspectral remote sensing;its magnitude and shape can be aff ected considerably by pigment composition and concentration. We conducted Gaussian decomposition to the absorption spectra of phytoplankton pigment and studied the spectral components of the phytoplankton, in which the package effect was investigated using pigment concentration data and phytoplankton absorption spectra. The decomposition results were compared with the corresponding concentrations of the five main pigment groups (chlorophylls a , b , and c , photo-synthetic carotenoids (PSC), and photo-protective carotenoids (PPC)). The results indicate that the majority of residual errors in the Gaussian decomposition are <0.001 m^-1 , and R 2 of the power regression between characteristic bands and HPLC pigment concentrations (except for chlorophyll b) was 0.65 or greater for surface water samples at autumn cruise. In addition, we determined a strong predictive capability for chlorophylls a , c , PPC, and PSC. We also tested the estimation of pigment concentrations from the empirical specific absorption coeffi cient of pigment composition. The empirical decomposition showed that the Ficek model was the closest to the original spectra with the smallest residual errors.The pigment decomposition results and HPLC measurements of pigment concentration are in a high consistency as the scatter plots are distributed largely near the 1:1 line in spite of prominent seasonal variations. The Wozniak model showed a better fit than the Ficek model for Ch1 a , and the median relative error was small. The pigment component information estimated from the phytoplankton absorption spectra can help better remote sensing of hyperspectral ocean color that related to the changes in phytoplankton communities and varieties.     

Spatial variations of small phytoplankton contributions in the Northern Bering Sea and the Southern Chukchi Sea

Phytoplankton size classes (hereafter, PSCs) were derived from satellite ocean color data using a present phytoplankton abundance-based optical algorithm in the northern Bering and southern Chukchi Seas to characterize the spatial and seasonal variations of the different PSC and investigate the contributions of small phytoplankton to the total phytoplankton biomass. The comparison results showed that the phytoplankton abundance-based method approach could reasonably classify the three PSCs (pico-, nano-, and micro phytoplankton). The satellite maps of the dominant PSCs were derived using long-term satellite ocean color data. The general spatial distribution showed that the large (micro-) phytoplankton were dominant in the coastal waters and the west side of the Bering strait, while the small size (nano- or pico-) phytoplankton were dominant in the open ocean waters. Nano- and microphytoplankton were dominant in May and October in most of the study area, while pico-phytoplankton were dominant in the summer months in the open ocean waters. The annual variation in small phytoplankton dominance had a strong positive relationship with the annual mean sea surface temperature (SST), which is consistent with the increasing dominance of small phytoplankton biomass as water temperature increases. Microphytoplankton have an apparent increasing trend in the southeastern Chukchi Sea but slightly decreasing trends in Chirikov and St. Lawrence Island Polynya (SLIP). In contrast, there were increasing trends in picophytoplankton in Chirikov and SLIP, which seems to be related to increasing annual SST. It is crucial to monitor changes in dominant groups of phytoplankton community in the Bering and Chukchi Seas as important biological hotspots responding to the recent changes in environmental conditions.     

Comparison of benthic and pelagic suspension feeding in shallow water habitats of the Northeastern Baltic Sea

Combining field experiments with the biomass distribution data of dominant suspension feeders we compared the benthic and pelagic suspension feeding rates in shallow non-tidal brackish water coastal habitats. We found that pelagic grazing exceeded benthic grazing in almost all cases, on average from 14 to 4819 times depending on the site. Benthic grazing rates were related to site-specific environmental parameters and showed no relationship with water chlorophyl a (Chl a ) content, whereas pelagic grazing rates varied both spatially and temporally and were related to water Chl a content. Our results indicate that in several shallow coastal habitats, pelagic suspension feeding substantially exceeds benthic suspension feeding. This suggests that pelagic recycling is higher than the amounts of energy redirected from pelagic to benthic food webs by benthic suspension feeders. These results increase our knowledge of the energy flows in coastal ecosystems.