西藏自治区旅游气候适应性分析

本文利用西藏38个气象站点的观测资料计算1980-2014年的风效指数和温湿指数,进行聚类分析,结合旅游区景观特征及行政区划等因素对西藏旅游景点进行区划,使用风效指数、温湿指数及空气含氧量指标对区划后的旅游区进行气候条件评价和趋势分析.研究表明:西藏旅游资源可分为6个区域,各区风效指数、温湿指数的空间分布呈现出自东南向西北递减的规律,东部地区生物气温相对舒适,适宜旅游的时段为3-10月,而西部地区生物气温较低,适宜旅游的时段为5-9月.逐月含氧量呈抛物线状的变化,最高值出现在8月,最低值在1月.藏东南区域含氧量相对较高,常年在60%以上,部分区域在70%以上.近年来,西藏各地气候正在向更为温暖、舒适的方向发展,西藏年风效指数和年温湿指数呈显著的线性增长趋势,增幅分别为21.79·(10a)^-1、0.32·(10a)^-1.与过去30 a相比,雅鲁藏布江流域及西藏东部部分地区近5 a的旅游适宜期延长了1~2个月.     

THE SEMI-GEOSTROPHIC ADAPTATION PROCESS WITH TWO-LAYER BAROCLINIC MODEL IN LOW LATITUDE ATMOSPHERE

In this paper, the adaptation process in low latitude atmosphere is discussed by means of a two-layer baroclinic model on the equator β plane, showing that the adaptation process in low latitude is mainly dominated by the internal inertial gravity waves. The initial ageostrophic energy is dispersed by the internal inertial gravity waves, and as a result, the geostrophic motion is obtained in zonal direction while the ageostro-phic motion maintains in meridional direction, which can be called semi-geostrophic balance in barotropic model as well as semi-thermal-wind balance in baroclinic model. The vertical motion is determined both by the distribution of the initial vertical motion and that of the initial vertical motion tendency, but it is unrelated to the initial potential vorticity. Finally, the motion tends to be horizontal. The discussion of the physical mechanism of the semi-thermal-wind balance in low latitude atmosphere shows that the achievement of the semi-thermal-wind balance is due to the adjustment between the stream field and the temperature field through the horizontal convergence and divergence which is related to the vertical motion excited by the internal inertial gravity waves. The terminal adaptation state obtained shows that the adaptation direction between the mean temperature field and the shear flow field is determined by the ratio of the scale of the initial ageostrophic disturbance to the scale of one character scale related to the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. The shear stream field adapts to the mean temperature field when the ratio is greater than 1, and the mean temperature field adapts to the shear stream field when the ratio is smaller than 1.     

IPCC AR6粮食系统的影响与适应的新认知和新趋势

解读政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次评估报告(AR6)粮食系统的影响与适应,对科学认识国际气候变化对农业影响学科前沿动态具有重要意义。最新发布的IPCC AR6在深化阐述粮食生产能力、种植布局、病虫害影响的基础上,高度确信人类活动导致的气候变暖对粮食系统产生了负面影响,论述了粮食运输及消费中的气候风险,解析了粮食生产-存储-运输-消费的全链条气候变化影响,延展了影响评估归因内容并丰富了农业环境影响等相关科学认识。对于粮食系统的适应能力,强调适应及减缓协同发展的气候恢复力发展路径,适应评估从适应能力、适应方式等理论逐步转向适应实施行动和成效评估,并注重适应行动的区域特异性和有效性。本次评估强调了气候变化对作物影响的检测和归因、关注了气候和农业环境变化复合影响、倡导基于生态系统的适应方案和技术,评估了现有适应技术的可行性和成效。报告内容对中国强化农业影响评估能力及把握国际学科动态具有参考价值。     

What happens after climate change adaptation projects end: A community-based approach to ex-post assessment of adaptation projects

Over the last decade, hundreds of climate change adaptation projects have been funded and implemented. Despite the importance of these first-generation adaptation projects for establishing funders and implementors’ “best practices,” very little is known about how early adaptation projects have endured, to what ends, and for whom. In this article, I propose a community-based methodology for ex-post assessment of climate change adaptation projects. This methodology contributes to recognitional justice by asking the individuals and collectives tasked with sustaining adaptation initiatives to define adaptation success and what criteria for success should be assessed. I apply this subjective assessment approach in 10 communities across Ecuador that participated in an internationally funded adaptation project that concluded in 2015. My analysis draws together participatory mapping, walking interviews with local leaders, participant observation, and surveys with former project participants. The results highlight that even adaptation projects that were deemed highly successful at their closure have uncertain futures. I find that the sustainability mechanisms that were envisioned by project implementors have not functioned, and communities are shouldering the burden of reviving failing adaptation interventions. These findings highlight that the current model of episodic funding for climate change adaptation projects and evaluation processes needs to be revisited to acknowledge the long-term challenges faced by communities. This analysis also calls attention to the importance of ex-post assessment for adaptation projects and the potential of subjective assessment approaches for building more ontological and epistemological pluralism in understandings of successful climate change adaptation.     

长心卡帕藻应对海洋酸化和升温的环境适应性研究

长心卡帕藻(Kappaphycusalvarezii)是主要生长于热带海域的大型经济红藻,在营养物生物提取方面具有重要的经济和生态价值,作为提取κ-卡拉胶的重要原料,广泛应用于食品和医学等多种行业。由于人类活动导致大气中CO₂浓度持续升高,引发海洋表层海水逐渐酸化和升温,对大型海藻产生耦合效应。因此,本文设置了两种CO₂浓度梯度(450×10^–6和1 200×10^–6)和三种温度梯度(26℃、29℃和32℃),从光合作用、细胞代谢产物、碳氮积累和酶活性方面探讨长心卡帕藻响应海洋酸化和海水升温的环境适应性变化。结果表明, CO₂浓度与温度变化对长心卡帕藻的F_v/F_m影响显著(P<0.05),在两种CO₂浓度条件下,Fv/Fm均随温度升高而增加;酸化条件与非酸化条件下可溶性糖浓度变化趋势相反,海水升温对游离氨基酸浓度影响极显著(P<0.01),在两种CO₂水平下,升温均会降低藻体游离...     

海水酸化和甲基汞胁迫条件下文蛤免疫应答和生物矿化响应

海洋酸化背景下重金属对海洋生物的毒性效应是一个重要的生态毒理学研究问题。海洋酸化不仅直接影响海洋贝类的生理过程,也通过改变重金属的存在形式和生物可利用性进而影响其生物毒性。为研究海洋酸化背景下甲基汞(MeHg)对海洋贝类免疫和生物矿化的毒理效应,本研究将采集于野外的文蛤(Meretrix petechialis)置于不同pH水平(二氧化碳分压;pH 8.10/背景水平、7.70/中度酸化和7.30/高度酸化)和甲基汞质量浓度(对照、溶剂对照、0.1,1和5 μg/L)的海水中共同暴露21 d,研究文蛤内脏团和鳃组织内免疫应答和生物矿化相关的生物标志物对海水酸化和MeHg共同胁迫的响应。结果表明,海水酸化和MeHg均显著影响其免疫应答策略,不同胁迫水平对各类生物标志物具有组织差异性。具体而言,MeHg暴露诱导内脏团中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和溶菌酶(LZM)活性,表明MeHg对免疫解毒机制有刺激作用,在一定程度上提高了其免疫应答。海水酸化抑制了鳃和内脏团中AKP活性,抑制其免疫应答。在生物矿化相关酶中,在海水酸化和MeHg共同胁迫下钙-ATP酶(Ca²⁺-ATP)活性显著下降,干扰其离子平衡和生物矿化。海水酸化加剧了MeHg胁迫对文蛤免疫应答和生物矿化的毒理作用。相关系数分析和主成分分析表明这些生物标志物可以协同防御环境胁迫对免疫应答和生物矿化策略的毒理作用。这些生物酶对海水酸化和MeHg胁迫响应比较敏感,可以作为评价海洋酸化背景下MeHg对文蛤两种生物组织免疫功能毒性效应的潜在生物标志物。研究结果为理解海洋酸化和重金属胁迫对贝类生理功能的影响提供新见解,为评估海洋酸化背景下贝类种群变动和资源管理提供科学依据。     

光质对条斑紫菜自由丝状体生长和生理指标的影响

光质是影响藻类生长发育的重要因子。本文旨在研究栽培型条斑紫菜(Neopyropia yezoensis)自由丝状体在不同光质(白光、红光、蓝光、绿光)下生长率、形态、超微结构、色素含量及抗氧化酶活性的差异。结果显示:培养21 d后,白光显著提高条斑紫菜自由丝状体特定生长率和叶绿素a含量,其次是红光和绿光,蓝光最差。和白光组相比,蓝光组藻体藻红蛋白(PE)含量最高,红光、绿光组藻体藻蓝蛋白(PC)含量较高。白光组藻体正常黑褐色,细胞壁最厚。红、绿光组藻体绿色,直径和细胞壁厚度与白光组相近。蓝光组藻体鲜艳红色,直径最小,细胞壁最薄,且超微结构显示类囊体上质体小球数量最多。蓝光照射后,藻体丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最低。研究表明,白光最有利于条斑紫菜自由丝状体生长,其次是红光和绿光,蓝光则有不利影响。     

Evaluating the benefits of national adaptation to reduce climate risks and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals

Scaling up national climate adaptation under the Paris Agreement is critical not only to reduce risk, but also to contribute to a nation’s development. Traditional adaptation assessments are aimed at evaluating adaptation to cost-effectively reduce risk and do not capture the far-reaching benefits of adaptation in the context of development and the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By grounding adaptation planning in an SDG vision, we propose and demonstrate a methodological process that for the first time allows national decision-makers to: i) quantify the adaptation that is needed to safeguard SDG target progress, and ii) evaluate strategies of stakeholder-driven adaptation options to meet those needs whilst delivering additional SDG target co-benefits. This methodological process is spatially applied to a national adaptation assessment in Ghana. In the face of the country’s risk from floods and landslides, this analysis identifies which energy and transport assets to prioritise in order to make the greatest contribution to safeguarding development progress. Three strategies (‘built’, ‘nature-based’, ‘combined SDG strategy’) were formulated through a multi-stakeholder partnership involving government, the private sector, and academia as a means to protect Ghana’s prioritised assets against climate risk. Evaluating these adaptation strategies in terms of their ability to deliver on SDG targets, we find that the combined SDG strategy maximises SDG co-benefits across 116 targets. The proposed methodological process for integrating SDG targets in adaptation assessments is transferable to other climate-vulnerable nations, and can provide decision-makers with spatially-explicit evidence for implementing sustainable adaptation in alignment with the global agendas.     

海洋浮游植物的脂肪酸:组成、功能及其生态学意义

脂肪酸在海洋生物的各种生理和生态过程中发挥着重要作用.浮游植物是海洋中脂肪酸的主要生产者,并通过各种过程被各级海洋生物利用.本文综述了浮游植物不同类群中脂肪酸的组成特点,各种环境因素对浮游植物胞内脂肪酸含量和组成的影响,以及海洋微藻中脂肪酸对浮游植物细胞及海洋其他生物的作用及意义;并探讨了浮游植物的脂肪酸组成在浮游植物...