2014年冬季热带西太平洋雅浦Y3海山光合色素分布及其对浮游植物群落的指示作用

应用高效液相色谱结合二极管阵列检测器分析技术,研究了西太平洋雅浦Y3海山区域2014年冬季浮游植物的光合色素组成。结果表明：100m以浅,玉米黄素（Zeax）是水柱中浓度最高的光合色素,浓度为22.64—84.31ng/L,叶绿素a（chl a）浓度在水柱中均值为（37±34） ng/L,在贫营养海区的数值范围内,水柱积分高值分布区与海山走向一致,二乙烯基叶绿素a（Dvchl a）和19''-丁酰氧岩藻黄素（19''BF）也是调查海区较高浓度的色素,在水柱中均值分别为（27±22）和（31±30） ng/L。其他色素新黄素（Neox）、叶黄素（Lute）、叶绿素b（chl b）、青绿素（Pras）平均水柱含量极低（<1.00ng/L）。通过CHEMTAX程序因子分析估算了浮游植物群落结构,调查区浮游植物群落以原绿球藻为优势藻,贡献率与环境因子不具有相关性,其次主要为蓝细菌和金藻,蓝细菌贡献率高值区分布在海山东南和东北侧0和30m水层,金藻贡献率高值区分布在75和100m水层,两者贡献率均与环境因子显著相关。     

胶州湾产蓝色素海洋链霉菌的初步研究

在胶州湾沿海采取泥样和水样,从中分离了300余株海洋链霉菌(marine Streptomyces),并对其生理生化性质作了初步研究,建立了胶州湾海洋链霉菌菌种库。在该菌种库中,约有3%的菌株可产生天然蓝色素。其中一株海洋链霉菌(marine Streptomycessp.)M259能够高产天然蓝色素。M259对绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas areuginosa)、隐球菌(Crytococcal meningitis)有较强的抑菌活性。对其生理生化性质进行了鉴定,结果表明它可以利用可溶性淀粉、甘油、蔗糖、甘露醇、葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、果糖、阿拉伯糖、肌醇、木糖、D-甘露糖、核糖等碳源;能利用大部分氮源,尤其对酵母粉的利用很显著;最适生长pH为7.0~7.4;最适培养温度为28~30℃。结果提示它属于蓝色类群,并与天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces cyanogenus)和产蓝链霉菌(Streptomyces ceolicolor)亲缘关系最为密切。此外还优化了M259的发酵培养基和培养条件,使得蓝色素在摇瓶条件下,OD590达到7.74。通过对M259所产蓝色素性质的研究,发现此色素水溶性较强,耐热性较好,在酸性条件下呈红色,在碱性条件下呈蓝色。此外,毒性实验的结果表明所提纯的蓝色素没有毒性,为进一步开发和利用该色素提供了可能。     

长江口邻近海域浮游细菌分布与环境因子的关系

利用2003年9-10月"东海陆架水交换"调查航次期间获得的浮游异养细菌、寡营养细菌和光合细菌的分布资料和实测水环境数据,探讨了这三类细菌的分布特征及其与相关环境因子的关系。结果表明:在长江口邻近海域,以30等盐线为界,三类细菌的空间分布具有显著差异;调节制约这三类细菌类群生长和分布的环境因子不同;表层硝酸盐浓度1μmol/L可作为一个特征浓度,高于1μmol/L的海域,陆源输入的硝酸盐对于这三类细菌的生长和分布具有重要影响,低于1μmol/L的海域,硝酸盐的影响较小或无影响。同时,采用法国梅里埃API STAPH系统,结合电镜观察,对两株已获得纯培养的有色菌株进行了属种的鉴定,分别是变异微球菌(Micrococcus varians)和玫瑰微球菌(Micrococcus roseus),目前尚未发现这两种细菌在长江口及其邻近海域分布的报道。     

Grazing impact of mesozooplankton in an upwelling region off northern California, 2000–2003

Mesozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing impact (% phytoplankton standing crop consumed d⁻¹) was determined by the gut fluorescence method during three springs (2000, 2001 and 2002) and two winters (2002 and 2003) in a coastal upwelling region off northern California. Wind events, in terms of both magnitude and duration, varied inter-annually and seasonally and included both upwelling-favorable and relaxation events. Grazing impact of mesozooplankton also varied inter-annually and seasonally, and was highest during June 2000 (mean=129% of standing crop d⁻¹), a prolonged period of wind “relaxation” and phytoplankton bloom. In contrast, mean grazing impact was lower during periods of stronger, more persistent winds, more active upwelling, greater cross-shelf transport, and lower chlorophyll concentration (25% and 38% in May–June 2001 and 2002, respectively). Wintertime conditions (January 2002 and 2003) were characterized by weakly upwelling or downwelling-favorable winds, low chlorophyll concentration, and lower mean mesozooplankton grazing impact (13% and 12%, respectively). The larger (>500 μm) size class contributed proportionally more to total mesozooplankton (>200 μm) grazing impact than the smaller (200–500 μm) size class during all sampling periods except spring 2002. These results suggest that mesozooplankton grazing impact is higher in spring than in winter, and that during the spring upwelling season, grazing is higher during periods of wind relaxation (weak upwelling) than during periods of stronger upwelling. Further, these results suggest an important role of mesozooplankton grazers on phytoplankton dynamics in the upwelling region off northern California.     

南海北部微微型光合浮游生物的丰度及环境调控

1999年夏季首次在南海北部海域进行了微微型光合浮游生物(photosynthetic picoplankton)的观测研究,发现了聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)、原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus,Pro)和真核球藻(Eukaryotes,Euk)3类微微型光合浮游生物存在,并对其丰度与分布及其环境调控机制进行了研究.结果表明,研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk丰度的总平均值分别为(5.0±7.6)×104,(4.6±4.2)×104和(1.8±1.1)×103个/cm3,Syn种群丰度的高值大多出现在营养盐丰富的雷州半岛及海南岛东部海域的河口、沿岸带与陆架,北部湾次之,是陆坡和开阔海的数十分之一;其水层分布主要在跃层以上,跃层以下其值迅速降低,发现Pro存在两个不同种群:表层种群和深层种群,前者分布型式与Syn相似,后者的分布型式迥然不同,其丰度向营养盐贫瘠的外海、陆坡和开阔海显著增高;同时发现Pro水层分布的高值主要出现在真光层的底部,并往往出现在硝酸盐跃层之上,Euk在不同海域的分布差异不如Syn和Pro来得大,但仍以沿岸带与陆架为高,陆坡与开阔海较低,水层分布的高值大多出现在真光层的底部,而且它是对次表层叶绿素a极大值的主要贡献者,这些分布型式的差异,取决于环境的调控和3类生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk 3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物群落总丰度的贡献分别为50.996,47.3%和1.8%.     

双墩彩陶颜料来源的测试研究

利用激光拉曼光谱、X射线衍射和波长色散X射线荧光光谱等方法对安徽蚌埠双墩遗址出土的5片彩陶和两块红色矿料进行测试分析，明确了彩陶红彩的主要物相为赤铁矿、α-石英、白云石和方解石；黑彩未使用矿物颜料，而是利用渗碳工艺中炭黑的自然效果。同时证明了综合利用这三种测试方法对于考古样品物相鉴定与成分分析的有效性。     

Photosynthetic responses of Larrea tridentata to a step-increase in atmospheric CO2at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility

Of all terrestrial ecosystems, the productivity of deserts has been suggested to be the most responsive to increasing atmospheric CO₂. The extent to which this prediction holds will depend in part on plant responses to elevated CO₂under the highly variable conditions characteristic of arid regions. The photosynthetic responses ofLarrea tridentata , an evergreen shrub, to a step-increase in atmospheric CO₂(to 550 μmolmol⁻¹) were examined in the field using Free-Air CO₂Enrichment (FACE) under seasonally varying moisture conditions. Elevated CO₂substantially increased net assimilation rate (A_net) in Larrea during both moist and dry periods of the potential growing season, while stomatal conductance (g_s) did not differ between elevated and ambient CO₂treatments. Seasonal and diurnal gas exchange dynamics in elevated CO₂mirrored patterns in ambient CO₂, indicating that elevated CO₂did not extend photosynthetic activity longer into the dry season or during more stressful times of the day. Net assimilation vs. internal CO₂(A/C_i) responses showed no evidence of photosynthetic down-regulation during the dry season. In contrast, after significant autumn rains, A_max(the CO₂saturated rate of photosynthesis) and CE (carboxylation efficiency) were lower in Larrea under elevated CO₂. In situ chlorophyll fluorescence estimation ofLarrea Photosystem II efficiency (F_v/F_m) responded more to water limitation than to elevated CO₂. These findings suggest that predictions regarding desert plant responses to elevated CO₂should account for seasonal patterns of photosynthetic regulatory responses, which may vary across species and plant functional types.     

生物肥部分替代化肥对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)养分吸收、光合作用以及品质的影响

采用大田试验,研究了化肥减量20%~40%、配施生物肥对春茬甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)生长、养分吸收利用、光合作用以及品质的影响。结果表明:与当地施肥量(底肥:N 139.2kg·hm-2,P2O5255kg·hm-2,K2O 93.6kg·hm-2;追肥:N 208.8kg·hm-2)相比,化肥减量并配施生物肥使甘蓝生长前期、后期的茎粗变小;对甘蓝的叶片数、冠幅投影面积无显著影响;叶片的气孔导度、净光合速率均与对照无显著差异;促进了甘蓝叶球生长,叶球中硝酸盐和可溶性固形物含量降低,Vc含量增加;甘蓝叶球、叶片和根系氮含量降低,氮在叶球分配的比例提高,在叶片、根系分配的比例降低。化肥减量并配施生物肥提高了幼苗株高、增加了茎粗,气孔导度和净光合速率升高,降低了硝酸盐和可溶性固形物含量、叶球氮含量和根系的钾含量。     

长江口南部赤潮区春季表层沉积物中色素组成、含量与分布状况

为剖析长江口邻近海域春季硅藻藻华后期藻类沉降与底层水体缺氧现象之间的关系,作者于2011年春季,在长江口南部赤潮区采集了表层沉积物样品,并通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC),对浮游植物色素进行了分析。结果表明,硅藻藻华发生后,表层沉积物中叶绿素a(Chl a)、岩藻黄素(Fuco)和19’-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素(But-Fuco)含量有显著增加,高值区主要分布在调查海域东南侧50 m等深线外侧,与底层低氧水体分布区基本吻合。因此,硅藻藻华后沉降的藻类对于该海域夏季缺氧区的形成应具有一定作用,其具体过程和机制仍有待于研究。     

Characterization of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and transcriptional analysis of its related genes in Saccharina japonica (Laminariales,Phaeophyta)

Saccharina japonica is a common macroalga in sublittoral communities of cold seawater environments,and consequently may have highly effi cient ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)activity for carbon assimilation.In our study,we cloned the full-length Rubisco gene from S.japonica(SJ-rbc).It contained an open reading frame for a large subunit gene(SJ-rbcL)of 1 467 bp,a small subunit gene(SJ-rbcS)of 420 bp,and a SJ-rbcL /S intergenic spacer of 269 bp.The deduced peptides of SJ-rbcL and SJ-rbcS were 488 and 139 amino acids with theoretical molecular weights and isoelectric points of 53.97 kDa,5.81 and 15.84 kDa,4.71,respectively.After induction with 1 mmol/L isopropyl-β-Dthiogalactopyranoside for 5 h and purifi cation by Ni 2+ affi nity chromatography,electrophoresis and western blot detection demonstrated successful expression of the 55 kDa SJ-rbcL protein.Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the mRNA levels of SJ-rbcL in gametophytes increased when transferred into normal growth conditions and exhibited diurnal variations: increased expression during the day but suppressed expression at night.This observation implied that Rubisco played a role in normal gametophytic growth and development.In juvenile sporophytes,mRNA levels of SJ-rbcL,carbonic anhydrase,Calvin-BensonBassham cycle-related enzyme,and chloroplast light-harvesting protein were remarkably increased under continuous light irradiance.Similarly,expression of these genes was up-regulated under blue light irradiance at 350 μmol/(m 2·s).Our results indicate that long-term white light and short-term blue light irradiance enhances juvenile sporophytic growth by synergistic effects of various photosynthetic elements.