Life cycle and secondary production of two mayflies <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptophlebia</Emphasis> sp. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephemera</Emphasis> sp. in Heizhuchong stream,Hubei, China

From June 2003 to June 2004, an investigation on the life cycle, production and trophic basis of dominant species of macrozoobenthos community in a second-order river of the Hanjiang River basin, Hubei, China was carded out. The results showed that the dominant species Leptophlebia sp. and Ephemera sp. appeared to develop two generations per year, and there was a small overlap in the two generations of both species. The pupation of Leptophlebia sp. mainly occurred in autumn and winter, while pupation of Ephemera sp. mainly took place in summer and winter. The standing stocks of the Leptophlebia sp. population and Ephemera sp. population had two peaks in a year. The cohort production and cohort P/B ratio of the Leptophlebia sp. population estimated by size frequency method were 19.018 1 g/m^2.a and 5.7 respectively, while its annual production and P/B ratio were 38.036 2 g/m^2.a and 11.4. The cohort production and cohort P/B ratio of the Ephemera sp. population were 38.015 9 g/m^2.a and 5.9, while its annual production and P/B ratio were 76.031 8 g/m^2.a and 11.8.     

一种消除九孔鲍苗细菌性病原的无公害绿色生物方法的研究

从海洋环境中分离出4株蛭弧菌(Bdellovibriosp.),并对34株九孔鲍(Haliotisdiversicolor)苗细菌性病原进行了裂解试验。结果表明,Bh04-4、Bh04-41a、Bh04-A 和Bh04-1f等4株蛭弧菌分别可裂解11株、13株、22株和28株病原菌,裂解率为32.4%、38.2%、64.7%和87.5%;4株共同作用,则可裂解32株病原菌,裂解率高达94.1%。研究结果展示了应用蛭弧菌控制九孔鲍苗细菌性病原的可行性。     

兼性厌氧海洋细菌Shewanella sp.N3B_R的分离鉴定及产电性能分析研究

本研究的目的是利用聚苯胺修饰双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),从海水养殖废水中分离筛选阳极海洋产电菌,并利用响应面Box-Behnken设计优化各产电因子,提高产电性能.从海水养殖池塘的废水和污泥中分离出一株兼性厌氧海洋菌株,利用16SrRNA基因序列和API20NE生化分析进行鉴定,采用扫描电镜进行菌株形态的观察.采用循...     

长江中游巴河流域胜利河优势种纹石蛾(Hydropsyche sp.)的生产力、营养基础及物质通量

为了加强长江中游地区大型无脊椎底栖动物的研究工作,2009年3月至2010年3月,对长江中游巴河支流的胜利河毛翅目优势种的生产力和营养基础进行了为期一年的调查研究.结果表明,胜利河中主要毛翅目优势种纹石蛾的生活史为一年3代.一至四级河流中,其生物量周年平均值分别为1.77、7.80、44.82、51.55 mg/m2.采用体长频率法测算的年均生产量为7.72 mg/m2,P/B系数为13.21.利用肠内含物分析法研究了胜利河中纹石蛾的营养结构.比较一至四级河流的营养基础发现,无形态碎屑为纹石蛾最常见的食物,占肠内含物的45.22%~62.92%;而对生产量贡献率最高的多是动物组织,达52.86%~68.58%.各季节的营养基础状况也有差异,春季无形态碎屑所占比例和对生产量的贡献率较高,而夏、秋和冬季动物组织则有更高的生产量贡献率.一至四级河流的年均物质通量分别为11.83、34.76、237.52和273.17g/(m2·a).由此可见,该优势种在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用.     

Upscaling site‐scale ecohydraulic models to inform salmonid population‐level life cycle modeling and restoration actions – Lessons from the Columbia River Basin

With high‐resolution topography and imagery in fluvial environments, the potential to quantify physical fish habitat at the reach scale has never been better. Increased availability of hydraulic, temperature and food availability data and models have given rise to a host of species and life stage specific ecohydraulic fish habitat models ranging from simple, empirical habitat suitability curve driven models, to fuzzy inference systems to fully mechanistic bioenergetic models. However, few examples exist where such information has been upscaled appropriately to evaluate entire fish populations. We present a framework for applying such ecohydraulic models from over 905 sites in 12 sub‐watersheds of the Columbia River Basin (USA), to assess status and trends in anadromous salmon populations. We automated the simulation of computational engines to drive the hydraulics, and subsequent ecohydraulic models using cloud computing for over 2075 visits from 2011 to 2015 at 905 sites. We also characterize each site's geomorphic reach type, habitat condition, geomorphic unit assemblage, primary production potential and thermal regime. We then independently produce drainage network‐scale models to estimate these same parameters from coarser, remotely sensed data available across entire populations within the Columbia River Basin. These variables give us a basis for imputation of reach‐scale capacity estimates across drainage networks. Combining capacity estimates with survival estimates from mark–recapture monitoring allows a more robust quantification of capacity for freshwater life stages (i.e. adult spawning, juvenile rearing) of the anadromous life cycle. We use these data to drive life cycle models of populations, which not only include the freshwater life stages but also the marine and migration life stages through the hydropower system. More fundamentally, we can begin to look at more realistic, spatially explicit, tributary habitat restoration scenarios to examine whether the enormous financial investment on such restoration actions can help recover these populations or prevent their extinction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国红毛菜繁殖方式和染色体研究

于1989－1992年在福建、江苏和青岛沿海采集红毛菜,进行野外观察,并在室内光照强度为70－100μE／（m2·s）的培养架上培养,每两周更换培养液,完成从原叶体到丝状体整个生活周期培养;对福建和江苏红毛菜有性生殖时两性细胞的构造和作用进行观察,并在生活周期的关键阶段用Wittmann方法压片,计数其染色体。结果表明,生长在福建的红毛菜染色体数目为n=6,2n＝12;江苏和青岛的为n=8,说明中国的红毛菜至少有两种;细胞学观察证明,两性细胞已完成受精作用,果孢子是受精后的产物;同时,幼年红毛菜还能放散大量无性孢子,双极萌发成为与亲代相同的植物体,这可使红毛菜在短时期内数量剧增。     

西沙群岛原绿藻的超微构造研究

于1981年3月在西沙群岛永兴岛采集原绿藻标本。用光镜和电镜对所采原绿藻进行研究。结果表明,原绿藻为简单的原核、单细胞藻类,在同一生境的相同宿主体表有4种不同的细胞构造类型：第1种类型,中央大“液泡”,类囊体单条、平行分散于周围区的细胞质中;第2种类型,中央是大“液泡”,周围区内类囊体多,并形成垛叠;第3种类型,许多小泡充满细胞的大部分,类囊体穿插于小泡之间;第4种类型,有中央大“液泡”,还有许多小泡分散在细胞周围区。上述分类以类囊体和“液泡”的结构和分布为主要分类依据,反映出不同结构的进化意义。表明中国西沙群岛有丰富的原绿藻资源。     

中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤营养传递的级联效应

中型浮游动物因摄食微型浮游动物,释放了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,这种营养级联效应会增加浮游植物丰度和降低中型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率,从而弱化浮游生物网营养传递过程中的下行控制作用。本研究在实验室模拟了食物链中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤的营养传递过程,发现在中肋骨条藻低生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好于选择摄食裸甲藻;高生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好选择摄食中肋骨条藻。营养传递过程中存在正的级联效应(0.018~0.12 d^-1),级联效应的大小与裸甲藻的摄食率和双毛纺锤水蚤对裸甲藻的摄食选择指数呈现显著的正相关关系。双毛纺锤水蚤对中肋骨条藻的直接摄食死亡率大于营养级联效应,从而导致中肋骨条藻生物量的降低。因此,营养级联效应对中型浮游动物摄食浮游植物的影响要弱于中型浮游动物的直接摄食作用。     

中国南海软珊瑚真菌Eupenicillium sp. DX-SER3 (KC871024)的次级代谢产物研究

文章旨在对中国南海软珊瑚来源真菌Eupenicillium sp. DX-SER3 (KC871024)进行次级代谢产物的研究。利用硅胶层析柱、正反相中压层析柱以及半制备高效液相等方法对该菌株的大米发酵产物进行分离纯化, 利用核磁共振、质谱等波谱学方法并参考文献数据对分离的单体化合物进行结构鉴定。从中分离得到5个已知化合物: 烟曲霉酸、β-腺苷、2'-脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷、N-acyltryptamine和对羟基苯甲醛。其中, 烟曲霉酸在该菌株中产量很高, 预示着该菌株具有开发成该类化合物的工程菌株的潜力。文章还探讨了烟曲霉酸抗植物病原真菌的潜力, 发现效果并不明显。     

石磺精子利用规律的初步研究

在实验室条件下,对交配、产卵的石磺Onchidium sp.进行观察取样,对样本进行常规生物学数据测定,并对解剖个体的两性腺、两性管、受精囊和支囊用Bouin's液固定、切片.通过切片观察,了解石磺精子的形态、发生、运输过程与储藏情况以及受精规律.切片观察表明,精子在两性腺内经历精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞一系列形态变化之后暴发性增殖,充盈两性管的收集小管.精子储存存在着"高位储存规律",即在水平方向上处于相对高位处的支囊是异体精子的储存场所,而处于相对低位处的两性管的收集小管与受精囊是自体精子的储存场所;精子通过内部的恋矢和外部的精沟运输到头部的雄性附属腺处,并由其加工成精液,最后通过阴茎刺入对方个体的交配活动完成精子在个体间的运输.精子主要在受精囊里与卵子发生受精作用,未及时受精的精子或卵子在受精囊内会发生自融.同时发现繁殖盛期的石磺个体普遍偏小,符合"性别分配理论"的观点;且第一次交配能开启雌性功能的发展,之后发生雌雄功能转变的交配(S1×L2 ).石磺交配时间一般为1-5h,个别有长达4d的连续交配现象.数理分析认为受精囊的重量与交配时间存在极显著负相关关系(r=-0.922,P<0.01),而充当雄性功能的个体重与交配时间呈极显著正相关(r=0.706,P<0.01).